Dating As A Stage Of Romantic And Sexual Relationships Essay

Dating is defined as a stage of romantic and, or sexual relationships between humans in which two or more people socially meet, possibly first as friends or associates with the intentions of assessing each others suitability to be a partners for a more long term, committed intimate relationship or marriage. People go about it very different ways: meetings in public that can either be very casual or more laid back, or with the advancements of modern technology, it can be done via mobile phone or online. The term dating may also refer to a couple who have already established a romantic relationship with one another, but are exploring each other further with the use of dates that are planned on a regular basis; however, the couple may or may not be engaging in sexual relations. From an anthropological standpoint, dating is connected to institutions such as marriage, kin, and family relationships, which have evolved rapidly within the last few centuries due to changes in technology and m edicine. Dating itself is a relatively new phenomenon emerging in the past few centuries as well because of the evolution of hunter gather societies into civilized ones. The evolution of societies has substantially changed the relationships between men and women, such as the concept of gender roles, with the only few constant factors being sexual intercourse for the purpose of reproduction. Protocols and practices of dating vary from country to country, or even from culture to culture within aShow MoreRelatedFunctionalist Perspective on Dating, Courting, and Other Pre-Marriage Arrangements1435 Words   |  6 PagesDating, courting, and other pre-marriage arrangements are practices that are influenced by the time period, social conditions and constructs, biology, cultural norms, and institutional structures that surround people. Dating has changed a lot in the past century. In the 1920s to 1940s, dating involved a more informal dating. For the first time there were no chaperones on dates between males and females. The dates required no formal commitment to each other and there was more freedom. PreviouslyRead MoreAdolescence Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesAdolescence is the period after a child hits puberty and ends depending on culture. Biologically, the child experience sexual maturation, there are two categories that fall into it. Primary and secondary characteristics evolve from it. Primary sexual characteristics include the maturation of reproductive organs. Secondary sexual characteristics are, â€Å"visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity,† such as breasts and widened hips for girls, facial hair for boys, and pubic hair for both girls andRead MoreThe Common Romantic Relationship Relationships1243 Words   |  5 Pagesare involved in a romantic relationship or will be eventually. The most common romantic relationship includes the sexual dating relationship, the domestic partnership, and the marriage. The adults or partners invol ved in these relationships inevitably reach a point of conflict and how they react to the conflict can show whether the partners are a securely, avoidant, or anxious attached person. The securely attached adults usually have a positive view when dealing with relationship issues. Whereas,Read MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On The Child1110 Words   |  5 Pagesmentally, physically and emotionally. Child abuse is defined as; the recurrent infliction of physical, or emotional injury on a dependent minor, through the intentional beatings, uncontrolled corporal punishment, persistent ridicule and degradation, or sexual abuse committed by parents or guardian. The victims of child mistreatment experience abuse by their parent and/or guardian and family member. Many factors can contribute to child abuse but it is never justifiable. Punishment can sometimes lead toRead MoreTriangulation Theory Of Love Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesLove works at different stages of life, whether it is roma ntic love or long term love. This can be the difference between two people who experience ultimate happiness together and or the contentment of settling. Sternberg’s triangulation theory of love helps to explain the different stages of love through three elements which include; intimacy, passion and commitment (Donges,2017) Romantic love is a mixture of intimacy and passion. Intimacy is an imitate act or sexual activity with another personRead MoreThe Sociology of Love, Courtship, and Dating4568 Words   |  131 PagesBryant-45099 Part VII.qxd 10/18/2006 7:22 PM Page 266 26 THE SOCIOLOGY OF LOVE, COURTSHIP, AND DATING ERICA OWENS West Virginia University T he question of â€Å"What is love?† has piqued curiosity and engendered frustration for much of history. The exasperated answer that you â€Å"just know† when you are in love is reflected in the body of sociological literature on the phenomenon. Sociologists do not seem to agree on a uniform definition, although there are several competing butRead MoreAn Inside Look at 0nline Dating Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesOnline Dating Online website allows individuals to contact and communicate with others through the Internet each. It follows the sociological principle of social networking. The quest of love has inspired people to invest in much thoughts and efforts in the process of building a romantic relationship. Thus, online dating becomes a popular tool for building a relationship or starting a relationship nowadays. In addition, in order to accomplish the goal of finding the perfect partner there are manyRead MoreEssay on Communication Traits of Happy Couples1638 Words   |  7 Pagescouples who are happy and those who are not, through all stages of a relationship. They have found that many of the traits that begin in a dating relationship will carry over into a marriage. Researchers have turned to the ways in which these happy couples communicate and the ways that not so happy couples communicate in order to find a common thread between couples who stay committed to one another while being satisfied in the relationship. There are communicative traits practiced by these couplesRead MoreShould Becoming Friends With Benefits Ruin Your Friendship?1487 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Friends with benefits† has a pretty simple definition: a sexual relationship between two people who are friends outside the bedroom that occasionally fool around, but are not committed to one another romantically. It is everything from the exes who still sleep together every so often, the close friends who experiment with each other sexually, to the mere acquaintances with mutual friends who will go home with one another if both are alone at the end of the night. Many people have dabbled with thisRead MoreRelationships betwen Men and Women972 Words   |  4 Pagesis full of all different kinds of relationships, whether it is with co-workers, peers or a significant other. Building and maintaining these relationships is critical in living a fulfilling, happy life. While there are many different kinds of relationships and they are all important, romantic relationships are especially unique. Along with being unique, they can be difficult and take work and dedication by both partners. The difficulties faced in these relationships can be attributed partially to the

Engineering Technology Revolutionized Essay - 2224 Words

Advance, advance is the key word when describing the human race to prove that we are the superior race. Ever since the discovery of technology we have linked our minds together for the persistence of progress to modify the aspects all around us for the better. It’s amazing that a simple interest in the beginning will change everything down to a distinct thought. History has proven that the steps forward in technology within engineering have grown larger and are concluded at a more rapid rate and with in the last twenty years. Such a large amount has improved so rapid as cities grow and technology advances, engineering is moving along with the tide. Engineers that grow and see their world of work improve every day because of certain†¦show more content†¦In those early days, engineers were considered high class; they were treated like royalty along with priests and other higher royalty. They were always working with their hands, they were first to learn geometry and sca le of things bigger then them. They were always fed even if they weren’t the gatherers or the hunters. Early engineers figured they could make a geometric scale of where to build so it relates to their gods/ god to whatever belief. Much like engineers in Great Britain through crusades that ended the dark ages, churches were popping up every where and engineers were always needed. So the Egyptians will always have their place in history, living in a desert area (but still close to water) and created these massive pyramids much like the Aztecs that but are totally unrelated. It shows that early civilizations were much more advanced then initially known. How did these people make these huge (now some of the greatest ancient engineering artifacts known to man) structures with only man-power? Engineering and science may not be able to explain certain things simply but to explain engineering; you got to sum it up in poetic fashion. (â€Å"The application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, in the United States, as the creative application of â€Å"scientific principles to design orShow MoreRelatedSteve Wozniak - Original Writing979 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Apple Computer Company was officially founded on April 1, 1976. Other than creating Apple, Wozniak has made other great contributions to technology. After taking a leave from Apple in 1980, Woz went back to Berkley to earn a degree in computer science. Due to his participation in the technology field, he has also earned Honorary Doctorates in Engineering at 11 other universities worldwide. He returned to Apple in 1982 and joined the development team working on the Apple II. Woz was motivated toRead MoreHealthcare Communication As A Result Of Mobile Health Technology921 Words   |  4 PagesHow healthcare communication as a result of Mobile Health Technology Characterized as the â€Å"Digital Age,† modern technologies are flooding every aspect of our lives and completely transforming healthcare communication. Healthcare technologies have revolutionized information gathering, research, treatments and communication in healthcare. The invention of â€Å"Smart Phones, tablets, and computers† has changed health care communication because more than 60% of Americans own a smartphone and 42% of theseRead MoreMechanical Engineering And Its Purpose1661 Words   |  7 Pages Mechanical Engineering and Its Purpose in Society Mechanical engineering may seem like an abstract and unimportant concept to the average person, yet mechanical engineering has been around since the beginnings of humanity. Mechanical engineering is everywhere and we see the results of it in our lives every day. Most objects that we encounter, such as a pencil or a doorknob, have gone through some form of mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering is a b ranch of engineering that uses theRead MoreEssay about Genetic Engineering1028 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic Engineering When we envision our future, we usually imagine a future free of disease and physical sickness, but have you ever wondered how a disease-free society will be accomplished? In the twenty-first century our world will be a very different place because of genetic manipulation and engineering. There are many pros and cons to this debate, but it is undeniable that the effects from the new revelations in the field of genetics are far-reaching and deep impacting. Genetic engineeringRead MoreComputer Engineering1702 Words   |  7 PagesCareers In Computer Engineering Careers In Computer Engineering While financial analysts, government officials, and employment specialists frequently disagree on conditions existing in the American economy today, everyone concurs with the idea that a college graduates possessing a degree in the field of computer engineering is in the enviable position of being able to pick and choose among job offers with several major computer companies and other Fortune 500 employers. Over the last fiveRead MoreI Want to Graduate as a Civil Engineer1156 Words   |  5 Pagesto the effects of infrastructure development on our environment and living conditions. Increased exploitation of natural resources is challenging mankind’s response to nature’s dynamic equilibrium changes. I believe Civil Engineering will play a major role in harmonious engineering development and overcome years of non-sustainable development planning. India is on the threshold of hectic development in infrastructure and is in a tearing hurry to make up for lost time as it tries to catch up with theRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Society s Society1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact Of Technology On Society Technology has always played an important part of our history, whether it impacts the medical field, astrological instruments, microscopic technology, and these innovations have all played an important role in changing the scientific views of society. These inventions were very important in the direction society took as a whole and should be recognized as such. However there were inventions that had more of an impact on the general society as others, and changedRead MoreComputer Technology And Its Impact On Society Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesComputer technology has evolved dramatically over the years and has significantly changed society. As technology advances, it transforms and improves society. Computer-related technology allows for enhancement of social functions previously difficult or impossible to execute. Computers have also accelerated productivity. Much less time is required nowadays to research information. Many in search of jobs and careers have reaped the rewards o f computer technology. For too long, finding informationRead MoreShort Story Morg The Greatest Inventors Of All Time922 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee, as a child he excelled in school and he loved building things and working with technology and at a young age with the help of his father he built a tractor, radio, and amplifier. Mark Dean graduated from the University of Tennessee with a bachelor s degree in electrical engineering; he then obtained a master’s degree in electrical engineering from Florida Atlantic University and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University. Dr. Mark Dean started working at IBM in 1980 right afterRead MoreDesign Of The Autocad Computer Program871 Words   |  4 PagesEngineering design has played a crucial role in developing our way of life. Nearly everything we use has an engineering design component. The creation of the AutoCAD computer program only further increased the potential of design. The program AutoCAD has revolutioni zed the engineering and architectural field by making several improvements to safety, efficiency, the feasibility of design, simulations, quality control, and the ability to save time/money. First, AutoCAD design has made it incredibly

The Effects Of The Industrial Revolution Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Industrial Revolution was perfectly good to the advancement of the universe from the 1800s all the manner to present twenty-four hours. Forfeits were made which allowed technological promotions during the Industrial Revolution, which in bend, created felicity, life chances, and an over-all, definite betterment of life. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, many adversities had to be overcome, doing great heartache to most of the population. Faith was lost, forbearance was tried, and a cover of subjugation covered the people of Europe. When new innovations arose to ease the bring forthing and mass-producing of goods that supplied the people of Europe, about everyone was forced to get down a new calling within a mill. These are merely some of the adversities that many loyal, hardworking citizens were faced with. The echos of these new innovations caused a dramatic plumb bob of the life anticipation of an mean citizen to an dismaying 15 old ages of age. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects Of The Industrial Revolution Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Women and kids were expected to work up to 16 hours a twenty-four hours and making labour that could do serious hurt, like transporting highly heavy tonss. For their work, they were paid pathetic rewards, adult females around 5 shillings per hebdomad, and kids about 1. One can easy acknowledge the negative facets of such a dramatic event. However, if one # 8220 ; stairss back # 8221 ; to see the revolution as a whole, he will detect that the positive facets wholly out-weigh the negative facets. The revolution began when discoverers introduced their creative activities to better the manner people were bring forthing goods. Machines such as the cotton gin, H2O frame, power loom, and whirling Jenny allowed fabric merchandises to be produced in mass measures. These techniques of mass-production made other methods such as bungalow industry, where households produce points by manus, obsolete. As a consequence of this, people began to work in mills with these machines. Factories became so dominant that finally the bungalow industry no longer played a portion in people s lives. This dramatically changed people s life styles, and for a long period of clip, there were awful work conditions. These mills had its positive and negative facets. The work conditions were really unsafe, there were no safety devices, and many had to work long hours. However, due to the mass production, many occupations were available, and the monetary values of goods well decreased because of the utmost handi ness. The occupation chances and monetary value lessening decidedly improved the lives of the people, giving them a opportunity to be a portion of the society and be able to buy merchandises at a monetary value that wasn t excessively bad. As the revolution progressed, people began to recognize that there were solutions to the jobs and adversities that they battled every twenty-four hours. The people went to the Parliament with an reply: brotherhoods. A brotherhood is an organized group up people working for a common cause. In 1824, the right to organize brotherhoods was established. These brotherhoods created Torahs and ordinances that made tungstens orking less unsafe and cruel, and more healthful. Back-to-back Acts of the Apostless were formed that lessened the sum of hours adult females and kids could work in the mills and safety and healthful ordinances were enforced. One act that truly benefited the regulations of labour for kids was the Factory Act of 1833. This act stated that kids had to be over 9 old ages old to work in mills, and kids 9-13 old ages old couldn T work more than 9 hours, and kids 13-18 old ages old could non work more than 12 hours. Finally, personal insurance developed which led to societal security. These are the positive results that derived from the industrial revolution that effects the workers. Now let us see how many people s lives changed outside work. There were many national benefits of this revolution. One really of import facet is that there became many more goods available because of the mass-production. Due to this mass-producing, the goods besides dropped in monetary value, which well benefited those who were financially fighting. Along with the mass-producing came more employment chances, which allowed some of the less fortunate people to hold a opportunity of acquiring a occupation. The addition of new thoughts and innovations led to an addition of the quality of life. Medicative merchandises became more plentiful, transit improved, and free instruction was available. Peoples began to happen themselves with more leisure clip. Wagess were increased, wellness benefits became available, and finally, pension became available to those who retired. These are merely some of the many facets of the revolution that benefited the people as a state, which made them happier, and made the authorities safer from rebellion. There is still one more facet of this revolution and that is the effects of it on present twenty-four hours. Without the innovations and alterations that took topographic point to organize a more ideal society, we wouldn t be where we are today. Without labour Torahs and wellness benefits, the life anticipation of a human would drop at least 20 old ages. Our lives would non be integrated with the engineering that helps us larn and turn such as computing machines, autos, and aeroplanes. Without the growing of industrialisation, there would non be the demand for any of these innovations, and we would all still be working on a farm. Some would state that they would instead populate on a farm, but many can easy see how much better our lives are with the effects of the industrialisation. Let us # 8220 ; step back # 8221 ; and see the revolution as a whole now. In the beginning, people struggled and suffered, and this happens with all alteration and advancement ; people sacrifice. As clip passed, people gained more benefits, and their lives became better. Work became much less boring, and many people found themselves with more excess clip. Finally there is the modern twenty-four hours and the hereafter. Technology and industry has dominated our universe, bettering it to a point that would hold been impossible one hundred old ages ago, and with the aid of the people, the sacrificing and the adversities, advancement continues.

Penn Square Bank Down Corning Bankruptcy free essay sample

According to Norm Bowie, â€Å"sometimes being moral enhances the bottom line rather than reduces it† (Hartman, 2005, p108). Unfortunately, in the instances of Penn Square Bank and the Dow Corning bankruptcy, that may not have been the case. The following will examine the particulars of these situations and discuss the ethical issues present for each. Penn Square Bank Penn Square Bank was a small bank that played a large role in the Oklahoma banking crisis of the early 1980s. In an effort to maximize on the profits of the booming oil industry, the upper management of Penn Square Bank cut corners in several areas of its new lending division. Documentation to support million-dollar loans became lax. Collateral valuation and revenue recognition was severely over estimated without verification of the documentation to support such claims. Loan contracts were with casual deals and unspecific terms. Credit was extended based upon unverified personal letters paid for by the client. We will write a custom essay sample on Penn Square Bank Down Corning Bankruptcy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These documentation errors led to loans not properly secured (Caskey, 1985). In addition, Penn Square was more and more money, which facilitated errors in revenue recognition as the bank accepted over estimated valuation claims without requiring loan or interest payments. Thus, on paper the bank looked successful without ever possessing the funds to support its lending endeavors. Finally, credit was extended without true verification of asset valuation or proper documentation, and re-extended when the client could not produce the payments necessary to support the lofty loans (Caskey, 1985). Each of Penn Square Bank’s actions represents a form of financial statement fraud, which led to its downfall in 1982. According to Fraud Examination, there are three ways to deter financial statement fraud: (1) reduce the pressure to commit the fraud, (2) reduce the opportunity to commit the fraud, and (3) reduce the rationalization of the fraud (Wells, 2005). However, in this instance, most if not all of the fraud committed can be attributed to demanding goals set by Penn State Bank owner, Bill Jennings. As explained by Hartman, the â€Å"driving force† of â€Å"profit maximization† created a business environment to facilitate fraud (2005). Because profit was the sole motivator, documentation was inadequate, collateral valuation and revenue recognition was overstated, and credit extension was unverified and inferior. Instead,  Penn Square Bank should have considered the following measures: †¢An oversight or review board should be been established to oversee verification of credit or collateral valuation and determine the risk associated with each loan. †¢Documentation requirements should have been heavily enforced and maintained by the review board. †¢Contract and loan deals should have been regulated to the office with strict documentation requirements. †¢Disclosures should have been made regarding the lack of loan and interest payments. †¢Asset valuation and revenue recognition should have been accurately portrayed to investors, clients, and potential buyers. †¢Upper management should have established company ethical standards and enforced these standards with strict consequences for violation without exception. Unfortunately, all the measures to deter fraud that should have been considered were undermined by the owner’s overwhelming demand for success. Thus, Jennings’ need to maximize profits and increase sales created the pressure, opportunity, and rationalization to commit each action of fraud. Dow Corning Bankruptcy Dow Corning Corporation is the big name in silicone and silicone-based material production. But in 1995, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to protect itself from lawsuits regarding their silicone-based breast implants. Some advocated that the action was an effort to â€Å"avoid compensating women for their injuries† (Book review, 1996, p7). However, according to Hartman, Chapter 11 bankruptcy is intended to protect companies from creditors while it undergoes restructuring in an effort to stave off liquidation. By doing so, the company continues business, pays taxes, and provide jobs but is allowed time to reorganize to triumph over its economic hardship (Hartman, 2005). The ethical challenge is to use Chapter 11 as it is intended – as a restructuring tool to avoid losing everything – rather than file for Chapter 11 as a way of cheating its creditors out of owed money. Hartman suggests that what is ethical in regard to bankruptcy is to go beyond what the laws require and uphold the debt agreements made with creditors (Hartman, 2005). Dow Corning seemed to have that same perspective. Nine years later the company emerged from bankruptcy after settling the lawsuits for a payout of $3.3 billion over the next 15 years (Arndt, 2004). During the time under Chapter 11, the company reorganized  itself to refocus silicone production to develop fabrics, materials, and pharmaceutical products (Arndt, 2004). These sales and expanding markets will help Dow Corning to pay its debts to the 300,000 women named in the settlement (Sissell, 2004). Thus, Dow Corning is Chapter 11 bankruptcy free but still upholding its ethical obligation to the wronged party and its creditors. Although Dow Corning’s actions following the Chapter 11 emergence was ethically sound, its actions leading to the filing was anything but. Problems with Dow Corning’s silicone breast implants began as early as 1984 when they lost a lawsuit claiming the implant caused medical illness such as autoimmune disease. During the investigation for this lawsuit, lawyers found evidence showing Dow Corning executives were aware of complaints from doctors, concerns about the lack of long-term testing, and cases of the implant bursting during surgery. In addition, the study that supposedly proved the effectiveness and safety of the product revealed detrimental long-term effects on the animals under experimentation (Book review, 1996). However, throughout all the breast implant concerns, Down Corning continued to advocate the safety of their product going as far as to hire high profile and extremely expensive teams of legal and public relations specialists. In addition, allegations were present of executives attempting to destroy damning internal documents suggesting upper management was trying to cover up its liability in the claims. The 1984 lawsuit found Dow Corning guilty of fraud and deceit stating the company provided inferior and incomplete information by understating the risks to make an informed decision (Book review, 1996). More important, it revealed the unethical behavior of the executives and company as a whole.

Laissez-Faire Essays (2049 words) - Standard Oil, Ida Tarbell

Laissez-Faire The American Civil War fades away. It now appears that a new social unrest has taken root in America. But the debate was to be fought in the economic world. The question was, how should the government interact with business? The issue splits into two main views, that of Laissez-faire, and that of General Welfare. Laissez-faire is a rather straight-forward philosophy. It can be best described by saying that the government should have absolutely no interaction within the business world. These thinkers trust that the government's sole purpose is to protect life and property, and that the role of government should end there. The tree of Laissez-faire has many branches, two of which are classical economics and Social Darwinism. Believers in classical economics base most of their philosophy on mercantilism and its effects. They have no doubt that government interaction with the business world is inept, and can only hurt economic growth. Social Darwinism was a popular belief. It grew from studies of Charles Darwin, and his publication, The Origin of Species. Charles Darwin argued that species had not been created, but had evolved. But most importantly to the philosophy of Social Darwinism, Darwin theorized that evolution takes place by survival of the fittest. It was that idea in s! urvival of the fittest that became the backbone for Social Darwinists. The Social Darwinists believed that the involvement of government in business interfered with the natural selection of those that were best suited to survive.(Lesson14 74) On the other side of the issue was the general welfare state. The philosophy of the general welfare state, called the Social Gospel, was advocated in part by Christians in the United States. They believed that individuality had gone too far and that it was necessary for government involvement. Increased urbanization and industrialization also led to the belief in the general welfare state. It was the opinion of these thinkers that laissez-faire was not the answer to the problems of economics.(Lesson14 74) Laissez-faire may have been a significant step in the evolution of economics to many people, but there were also many silent threats that it carried. Without government protection, big business can exploit the many people that make it work. Such exploitation could be brought about in low wages and poor working conditions, long working hours, and many others. Many believed that government protection was needed to insure fair competition and high standards of morality. In the 1860s oil became more and more essential as an everyday item. Its demand grew dramatically. The main use at that time for oil was kerosene. Kerosene was used in several ways, although its most popular use was in lamps. Crude oil needs to be refined to produce products such as Kerosene. Pennsylvania was the main location that oil refining was done in the 1860s, but times were changing. The Lake Shore Railroad helped Cleveland become one of the new centers for oil refining. It was obvious that the railroads were invaluable to the oil business. In the new refining city of Cleveland, Ohio, a new refining company was created. This company was the Standard Oil Company, owned primarily by John D. Rockefeller.(Lesson16 95) John D. Rockefeller is a legend of the business world. He started a relatively small oil refinery in Cleveland, Ohio in 1870. In just two years, it grew into an enormous monopoly, producing ninety percent of the nations refined oil (Chapter4 15). His business ethics have been hotly debated because of many apparent rebates and other schemes. The Standard Oil Company's success can be attributed to Rockefeller's business aptitude. Aside from his great business qualities, the Standard Oil Company's success in the oil industry is because of the secret illegal rebates by the railroads. A rebate in the railroad business is a reduction in shipping fares in exchange for promised use of the railroad's services. These rebates were brought about through the South Improvement Company, which was set up in 1872 (Lesson16 96). The South Improvement Company was designed with one mission, to destroy all competition to the Standard Oil Company, and other companies that were part of the South Improvement Company. It was started by several large corporations, including the Standard Oil Company. Rockefeller is reported to have met with other oil businesses and tell them that if they do not join the South Improvement Company, they will be wiped out of business due to the lower shipping rates given to the South Improvement Company (Lesson16 96). Eventually the public

Life Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Life Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Life You have been ready to move on for quite some time But maybe not so ready to let go Of all that you know (Your friends, your family, and all the sweet memories) But you have to remember There is a life to be lived and a beautiful world to be seen There are new friends and more memories to make And the world is just going to keep going with or without you Don't let fear hold you back From taking that chance Sacrifice, laugh, cry, give, learn love Just let yourself go and live the life that you want Find yourself and be brave Discover the world that awaits you and enjoy this wonderful life.

Effects of Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effects of Global warming - Research Paper Example At those places the environment is characterized by a prolonged summer and a shorten winter with occasional rainfall all over the year. These changes in climate is largely due to the abnormal emission of green house gases which are resulting in global warming, finally leading to abrupt fluctuations in the climatic condition. The human civilization on its way to development has been transformed from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy (Read 33). No doubt that this transformation has increased the per capita income as well as livelihood of the human beings, however it is also associated with a cost namely ‘green house gas initiated global warming’. The paper attempts to explore the causes, impact and probable solutions of global warming. What are the green house gases? Earth’s atmosphere comprises of mainly oxygen and nitrogen. However none of them produce green house effect, as both of these gases are transparent to terrestrial radiation. The green hou se effect is the outcome of the concentration of water vapor, carbon dioxide and other trace gases that are present in the atmosphere and absorb the terrestrial radiation that gets reflected from the surface of the earth. Changes in the atmospheric concentration of the green house gases misbalances the energy transfer among the atmosphere, space, land and the ocean. If the green house gas concentration is increased then it increases the net absorption of energy by the earth. (Read 33-35) Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone are regarded as naturally occurring green house gases. Apart from all these naturally occurring green house gases, a number of halogen substances containing fluorine, chlorine or bromine are also classified as green house gases. But they are mostly a product of industrial activities. As an example chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons are halocarbons containing chlorine. These gases have a strong ozone-depleting characteristic. Apart from the above-mentioned gases there are some gases in and around troposphere, which indirectly influences the global radiation budget. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone in the troposphere are classified as this kind of gas. Is the climate warming? Scientists and experts have proven that average global temperature is on a rise – â€Å"Extreme events are occurring with greater frequency, and in many cases with greater intensity† (Gillis). Disasters like flood have destroyed New England, Nashville, Arkansas and the Oklahoma. Satellite pictures have revealed that the ice depositions at both the poles have been reducing over the past years (Alley). Already some of the seashore areas have gone well under water that portrays a rise in the sea water level (melting ice from the poles are raising the water level at sea). (Meehl) On another occasion scientists have observed that the icy peak of Kilimanjaro, mountain in Africa is experiencing a reduction in s now in each year. The Gangotri glacier in India is retreating 17.15 meters on average each year (1971-2004). At this rate in the year 2035 it will be totally vanished. Adding to our concern the size of the Sahara desert is increasing each year. All the above incidents clearly indicate a rise in temperature. (Global Warming hits Gangotri Glacier) Some other grass root indicators seem to be strengthening the above fact. The deteriorating health of the Penguins and the reducing number of the Polar Bears clearly indicate the worsening of

Is an understanding of culture beneficial to organisations Essay

Is an understanding of culture beneficial to organisations - Essay Example Days when organizations used to succeed even after overlooking cultural aspect are past us and either the hard way or the easy way (Punnett, 2010), organizations now understand that they no longer operate in closed systems nor do they have the same bargaining power (Martin, 1992). Customers and employees of today are not only more informed and educated but they also have much more options (Bond & Hwang, 1986; Luthans & Doh, 2008). Therefore, it is imperative for businesses to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the term organizational culture in which they are operating or else their workforce would not think twice before rejecting them ruthlessly (Punnett, 2010). In this regard, it is very imperative that organizational leaders must be aware about their own organizational culture that is a mixture of assumptions, values, artefacts, beliefs, principles, and customs in an organization (Alvesson, 2002). In addition, it is also important to understand that organizational cultur e takes time to spread or disseminate in the organizational culture, and at the same time, success of that culture relies heavily on the way culture disseminates downward or upward in an organization. One of the major reasons of such assumption is due to the fact that at many times, only inefficient dissemination of effective organizational culture results in failure (Brenton & Driskill, 2010), and thus, while it is important for organizations to have an understanding of its organization culture, it is also vital to ensure efficient implementation that is often missed out by the leaders in an organization. The fact is that we are living in a globalized world and never before in the human history has so many people from diverse cultures, traditions, customs, nationalities, ethnicities, races, colours, creeds and religions been brought together (Mullins, 2007). The only possible way to operate and succeed within this diverse globalized business environment is to gain an understanding of the local cultures and develop respectful attitudes towards them in own organizational culture (Luthans & Doh, 2008). There are several arguments in favor of organizations needing to understand culture but all of them, in one or the other, focus on the magnitude, on these differences and their implications on the workplace (Bond & Hwang, 1986). Perhaps, Hofstede conducted one of the most credible researches in this regard, highlighting these cultural differences amongst different countries in four dimensions related to workplace (Hofstede, 2001). These dimensions are of individualism vs. collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity vs. femininity but only the former two are discussed here (Luthans & Doh, 2008; Edfelt, 2009). The notion of individualism talks about the inclination of individuals to put their family members on priority in comparison to needs of the society; while on the other hand, collectivism is the notion that involves alignment of oneâ₠¬â„¢s needs in accordance with needs of the society (Mead & Andrews, 2009). In collectivism, it is more about societal exchange and social advantage in an interdependent manner rather than in isolation (Edfelt, 2009). Moreover, it has been observed that individuals in collectivism rely on their associations, as well as on decisions made by the group members. Unlike

Lenovos Entrance in Argentina for Mobile Phone Essay

Lenovos Entrance in Argentina for Mobile Phone - Essay Example was the initial name of Lenovo. Lui Chuanzhi was the founder of the company. In the initial stage, the company was mainly into selling of merchandising that ranged from television to roller stakes. The company has established a subsidiary in Hong Kong that mainly focuses on the PC distribution i.e. Legend Holding Limited. The success of the concerned brand was the key reason that facilitated the expansion of the company (Lenovo 2013). Correspondingly, in the year 1990, the strategy taken by the Chinese government was to reduce the rate of import tariffs. This further ensured effective international trade between the company and another company named IBM. This strategy led to the expansion of the Legend Group Holdings, which is a subsidiary company within the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. During these years, the company had flourished within the international boundaries. This is the reason the name was changed and reframed as Lenovo. 2.2 Lenovo’s Culture In the year 2005, Lenovo, t he Chinese company made acquisition of IBM’s PC divisions. This emancipated spectacular changes within the company’s history. This change within IBM was a cultural shock for the employees of IBM. The cultural shock of the employees was effectively mitigated by the management of Lenovo. In case of the Chinese management, they efficiently responded to the insecurity pertaining to the employees by hosting cultural events. In this regard, such cultural events helped in boosting the motivation of the employees. Moreover, it was effectively conveyed by the Lenovo’s management to the employees that they intend to expand the operations rather than liquidating anything. Correspondingly, on part of Lenovo’s culture, it has been ascertained that... This paper approves that Lenovo to get success in Argentina can use strategic alliance mode of entry for its mobile phone by collaborating with the leading market player in the mobile sector America Movil’s Claro. This alliance would help in creating a strong market base because of the brand name of Lenovo and its technological advantage. The reason for the alliance would be to derive the benefit of access to supplementary services. This entry strategy would help Lenovo to get success in the Argentina market similar to Unicom Telecommunications market entry strategy made it a huge success. This report makes a conclusion that the emerging demand of mobile phones in Argentina has been the major factor that motivated Lenovo to seek the expansion strategy. The political environment of Argentina as per the analysis is not very supportive for the new market entrants. Thus, to ensure a smooth entry in Argentina, Lenovo needs to use the alliance strategy with the market leader. Moreover, it is to be recommended that a proper internal and external environment market scanning is done through the research and development team to continuously understand the trend of customer preferences. Furthermore, the use of proper pricing strategy along with understanding of the cultural aspect of the country is to be followed by the management by proper entry mode strategy. It is also recommended that the awareness of the global brand should be created affectively in the minds of the people.

A Swot Analysis Of Google Android Computer Science Essay

A Swot Analysis Of Google Android Computer Science Essay The Google EFFECT Google is counted as one of the most reputed and respected companies of this era. The fact that Google is behind the Android OS platform gives it a great sense of credibility and viability in the eyes of the consumers, potential partners, and application developers. Furthermore Androids team has all the possible resources from Google such as financial, intellectual to make it a major player in the mobile industry. Device Options As oppose to the Apple iPhone where one doesnt have any options for mobile device vendor other than Apple, the Android OS is an open-source and any Mobile manufacturer who wishes to use Android can do so on their mobile device. This feature provides the consumers a large number of options from which to choose from and also decreasing the time to use the new and latest hardware and technological advancement in micro electronics. Competitive Pricing The Android platform is very cost effective to develop as it is an open source platform and the licensing arrangements are hassle free for the hardware manufacturer. Thus, handsets using the Android platform are priced very suitably. Google applications and services integration As the Android platform includes a number of the Google services and applications as its core functionality only to reinforce its capability and effectiveness. Google services such as GMAIL, Calendar, Listen, Reader, GPS, Maps and many others integrate effortlessly with the Android platform thus making it trouble-free for users to synchronize their data from one platform to the other. Moreover it also a competitive edge on its rivals in the internet search and you tube as Google is the leader in these fields Open Source The Android platform is built from a Linux using the JAVA programming. One can search on google to find all the essential information and source code one needs to manufacture an Android compatible device. Moreover, Android is an integral part of the Open Handset Alliance which is a cartel working together to develop Android as a free mobile platform system. WEAKNESSES Multimedia Support As oppose to Apple iPhone which has the extremely popular iTunes application and marketplace, Android doesnt have a fundamental or organized source of neither multimedia data nor an integrated multimedia player. Although there have been constant improvements in the field of apps on the Android platform, but still at this time there is no place to go that comes remotely close to what Apple is offering on this front. Reliance on device manufacturers to upgrade -Unlike, Apple controls when and how iPhone costumers will get new hardware and software upgrades and upgrades core functionality. On the other hand even when google releases a newer android version the costumers still have to wait till the device manufacturers of their respective devices comprehensively test and adapt to the new code to make sure that it works fine on their hardware configuration. Google is working on this issue according to their announcements, as they plan to integrate more of their core features of their services into the Android Operating System itself. Less Mature Android is not as established or as refined as the iPhones OS at this point, But constant improvement is seen with every new release of the android, still a lot more is required to reach the same level of sophistication as the Apple IPhone. Lack of Enterprise Support Blackberry and Microsoft still have most of their support from Enterprise usage. Although Android has made some inroads in this market, but Android still has very small market share here. It needs to continue developing Google Applications and better its integration abilities with Microsoft Exchange to gain market share. OPPORTUNITIES The Android Operating System has an amazing opportunity to get into the Tablet market right now. Google cannot afford to play a waiting game watch Apple take over the tablet market and eat up major chunk of the market share as it had done before with the release of iphone. An Android based tablet is a fantastic opportunity if executed properly. There have been quite a few inconsequential releases of Android tablets over the last year, but none of them are what someone would consider a noteworthy product. Either Google itself or a big name such as HP, Sony, Dell, ASUS, ACER need to release an amazing Android tablet in order to get a huge market share. Not to forget Samsung galaxy tab with android is good but still more sophistication is required to beat apples I pad Developer Friendly Unlike the recent actions of Apple which has alienated the developer community by distancing with them. Moreover the development tools of Iphone are difficult to use and the application approval process seems to be terribly subjective at times. This makes iPhone application development very tedious and non rewarding for developers On the other hand developing for Android is very open and hassle free for the developer as Android development tools use Java and even C/C++. This allows developers to write applications for Android using languages they already know and widely used. Furthermore Android Software development kit also provides an emulator so that application developers can test their applications without relying on the physical hardware. Google needs to take this opportunity and help developers for their efforts through better advertising revenue and app sales into financial gains for the developer. Developing Countries Google has an opportunity to develop cheaper devices using Android platform in developing countries of Asia and Africa. The licensing for android is exceptionally manufacturer friendly and the start up cost is considerably less when compared to other mobile operating systems. The integration with so many of Googles other free services it would be a sure success in these markets. Smart phone market on the rise The smart phone market is still very young and there is huge scope of growth to take place over the next several years to a decade. The market for smart phone apps will benefit from growth of nearly 50% in 2011, according to new research. The International Data Corporation (IDC) Worldwide Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker estimates that the worldwide smart phone market is expected to increase 49.2% in 2011, growing more than four times faster than the overall mobile phone market( Kay Ewbank, 2011, http://www.i-programmer.info/news/83-mobliephone/2203-smartphone-survey.html)   Ã‚  . The integration of cloud computing applications and services to support the Android OS is the key to a maintained growth rate and increased market share potential for the Android operating system. Embedded electronic devices The Android OS is perfectly poised to be the major player in the embedded electronic devices market as a leader in embedded devices operating system. With upsurge of new devices becoming embedded with smart technologies and connectivity to the mobile networks and the internet, the Android OS is in position to be the leader in this segment. THREATS Apple dominance The biggest threat to google android is the Iphone and its ever growing popularity with the consumers as it has more smoother and sophisticated interface. Moreover Apples bigger market share gives them an influence over developers who like a revenue model that works for them. The ever growing Apple market share allows them to charge users for access to premium content. Apples recent policy changes shows its influence over developers and makes their huge market share very difficult to walk away from, even when they adopt very unfriendly developer policies. Increased Competition Obviously, companies like RIM Blackberry and Microsoft are not going to let go of their market share. In particular,  the Blackberry platform which has very huge support in the enterprise market. Moreover Nokia is also not giving up their hopes on the symbian platform and might cause an upset to androids hopes of capturing the market if they develop a new and sophisticated smart phone interface which provides their customers the ease of access for which Nokia is known for. Platform Fragmentation This is a huge threat to the Android platform. Although I have listed the more options of hardware devices as strength above, the risk of fragmentation is real as well. This is why Google is committed to developing ways to reduce this problem. Google does not want different custom version of Android to emerge from their basic platform, which is something we saw with Linux. This was one of the primary reasons for linux not making to the big leagues when comparing the market shares. As Google itself controls the Android Market so they have considerable influence over device manufacturers to meet their compatibility requirements. Financial Implications Google android is an open source Operating system for mobile phone and embedded electronic devices so at this time there are no direct financial implications for Google at the moment as still most of the apps on its marketplace are free. But as android becomes more popular Google can charge android users for different apps available on its market place. Although what Google wants to do is to make sure that there is an open source mobile OS large enough in the market for its advertising business. Google is not about selling Android devices. Google is all about search and advertising. Google is doing a pretty good job of it if we see the numbers. Last year alone Android accounted for over $130 million from marketing revenues on android out of its total $850million from mobile advertising, which is good for $5.90 average revenue per user. Furthermore Google is expecting to reap up $1.3 Billion from its advertisement revenues from android in 2012 at $ 9.85 average revenue per user with about 133 million android users by then. Moreover Google is expecting to reach over 300,000 Android activations per day very soon, which will also help them to reach the goals set by Google CEO Eric Schmidt for android to become a $10 billion business with 1 billion users of the platform, at $10 Average Returns Per Unit. Future looks to be bright Android Os Though Android is a young Mobile Os and is still improving with its newer releases so it can be said that it is in a stage of Growth, this statement can be supported by a Gartner Survey which expects Android to reach about 30 % of total market share by 2014. As Android all ready Commands about 29 % of smart phone market according to the latest data released by Neilsen and have already surpassed RIMs market share so it is on the right track to dominate the overall mobile market in the near future. Moreover overall smart phone market is also on the rise as it is expected by The International Data Corporation (IDC) Worldwide Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker estimates that the worldwide smart phone market is expected to increase 49.2% in 2011, growing about four times quicker than the overall mobile phone market. Furthermore According to Googles CEO Eric Schmidt they are combining their Platforms for mobile phones (gingerbread) and tablets (honeycomb) together and make it in to one OS for both kinds of devices. In conclusion I feel that Android is perfectly poised for capturing a huge market share and should help googles advertising revenues a lot in the near future, as it has all the necessary features required to be one of the best Operating System in its category.

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Dehumanization Essay

The novel â€Å"One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich† follows the life of a prisoner in a Siberian labor camp during the communist period. Although the novel only describes one day in the life of this prisoner, the author succeeds at making the motifs that occur most likely every day clear to the reader. A major motif in the novel â€Å"One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich† written by Alexander Solzhenitsyn is dehumanization; Ivan Denisovich Shukhov is striped of his humanity because he is treated similarly to the way an animal would be treated. He is given instructions every second of the day, and has no say in how to live his life. Dehumanization occurs when people view others as less than human, therefore not giving them the moral respect they deserve as humans. In this particular Stalinist labor camp, in which the main character Ivan Denisovich Shukhov is imprisoned, the officers are instructed to attack the prisoner’s dignity, therefore they are taking away their humanity, treating them like they would treat a cattle, not people. As soon as the novel begins, so does Shukhov’s day. When he opens his eyes, he already knows how the day will proceed, because all days are the same. He must go for breakfast at the same time every other prisoner does. This shows that he doesn’t have a say in when to do things, even such a basic need that many take for granted. Yet he does not complain, this is due to the fact that food is valuable to him and he has limited access to it. The prisoners are not only instructed when to eat, but they also have to compete for food, the same way a group of chickens would fight for some grain. This fact is clearly shown when the narrator describes the scene shortly before Shukhov receives his meal, â€Å"the cook shouted through the hatch, and people were shoving at him from the other side † (86). This shows how the workers have to fight to their food, as if they were savages. The cooks treat the men like one would treat a dog; throwing food among a large crowd, thus making the â€Å"dogs† fight for their food. This is inhumane and takes away the prisoner’s dignity. It is just one of the many meals that Shukhov will have during his stay in the labor camp that represent the motif of dehumanization, and not only that, also humiliation. As humiliating as it is, the prisoners are grateful for any type of meal they get, â€Å"A bowl of thin cabbage soup, half burned, was as welcome to them as rain to parched earth. They’d swallow it in one gulp. That bowl of soup—it was dearer than freedom, dearer than life itself, past, present, and future † (126). The prisoner’s minds are set the way an animals mind is, they only think about food, and it is their main reason for living. They have stepped to the level of an animal and lost their humanity and any hope in achieving anything else in their life. Another way in which the prisoners in this novel were dehumanized was the fact that they could not own anything that the officers found too dangerous. However, the officers took advantage of this and would not give the laborers any freedom. For example, Shukhov had to hide a loaf of bread in his mattress so he doesn’t get punished in one of the daily searches, â€Å"Stich, stich, stich, and the little tear in the mattress was ended, with the bread concealed under it† (25). This proves that the prisoners feared the officers, and the consequences that would come with not following the directions. Another way that the prisoner’s identity was taken away from them was that they were assigned numbers for easy identification, in an effort to dehumanize them. By numbering them they were once again treated like animals, a way that cows are labeled on a farm, and not like individual humans. To continue, officers in the camp play a big role in the dehumanization process of the prisoners. The officers are in charge and treat the workers without any respect. The guards use forced labor and cruelty to dehumanize the workers. This is shown when the narrator himself compares the workers to animals, â€Å"†¦the fellows bringing the mortar were winded like horses† (124). The prisoners were not only compared to horses, but also mules, hawks, and wolves. The officers treated the workers as if they were animals, therefore, they did not see them as human beings. This is shows when the narrators says, â€Å" He wouldn’t treat us like human beings; now let him burst himself shouting† (118). The officers looked at the prisoners as less than humans. The officers were the ones that took away the prisoner’s identity and humanity In conclusion, a key motif in the novel, â€Å"One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich† written by Alexander Solzhenitsyn is dehumanization. Prisoners in this novel are treated not as humans should be treated but as animals. They are gathered in crowds to be fed and counted. In this way the officers strip them of their identity and their humanity. Leaving behind only humiliation and disrespect.

Capitalist Hegemony

Capitalist Hegemony at its Finest Alex Jackson Sarah Ciurysek Capitalist Hegemony at its Finest. By Alex Jackson Throughout time different societies have seen their respective take on pop culture. Pop culture is not simply a culture that has suddenly sprung from the ground in the last 20 years and wormed its way into text books, periodicals and university debates; it is a culture built around a defined group of ideas, perspectives and attitudes. Pop culture in its evolutionary path has seen many changes from Roman sculpture to Baroque paintings to post-war Abstract expressionism, all amounting to what we know today to be our pop culture.However, the pop culture that we experience on a day-to-day basis in the 21st century is one unparalleled by the pop culture already seen and past. Today we are surrounded by the ever-expanding mass media. Since the invention of the Internet in the 1980’s, mass media has spread like wildfire and with it the furthering evolution of the 21st cent ury’s pop culture. With the growth of mass media in our pop culture we see new trends and patterns. As we all know, North America was built on a firm foundation of capitalism. This capitalism is the foundation not only for businesses and corporations, but for our developing culture as well.A growing notion and potential fear amidst this evolving foundation is the existence of capitalist hegemony. For one to understand this term one must know the definition of the two words individually. Mirriam Webster’s dictionary defines capitalism as ‘an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, prices, production and the distribution of goods†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Hegemony, defined also by Webster’s dictionary is ‘the social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence exerted by a dominant group. In combination, the two represent a power exerting itself over a group in atte mpts to feed and control consumerism. Capitalist hegemony can be seen on the television, in advertisements, film and video games. The method by which capitalist hegemony is spread, that we will consider in this essay, is the video game. Video games contribute to the spread of capitalist hegemony in two ways: through the easily-accepted method of suggestion of consumerist narratives; and through the extremist method of exerting complacency on a populous.From an early age, all of us have been bombarded with a consumer culture. We have been taught by mass media always to want, look for and buy the next big thing. Video games have taken up this torch in that easily-accepted, subtle way. There’s no need to tell a person to buy, the task is more indirect. Gamers play through a story, the narrative more often than not being all about consumerism of one form or another. As masked as the consumerist plot may be, it is more than likely there. Take for example a game such as Dead Space 2.This game involves the main character Isaac Clarke fighting his way through the Sprawl in attempts to destroy a giant relic called the Marker, which is responsible for an alien infestation. At first glance, the story line of Dead Space 2 gives no evidence of capitalist tendencies; however the player need only kill one of the creatures in the game and pick up the loot to enter currency into the game. Money and power nodes allow the player to upgrade Isaac’s abilities and buy weapons and suits, and additional ammo and med packs.The gamer thereby is subliminally being taught the values of capitalism, make money buy new things. In other approaches to video games the developers don’t go to such length to mask consumerism. In games such as Need for Speed Underground the player races for money so as to purchase upgrades for already purchased cars, and to buy new ones. In Digital Games and Cultural Studies by Garry Crawford and Jason Rutter, this point is explained: â€Å"N umerous games are based upon the principle of capital accumulation where the central aim and theme is to make more money to improve character’s avatar’s skills or possessions. (Crawford and Rutter) One might argue for sports-related games such as Madden NFL 12, or NHL 11 where the object of the game appears to be purely sport. Win a game, move to the next round is the essential plot; however, these video games have been sponsored by larger companies looking to get their name out to more consumers. Although the advertisements are small and only seen on the back boards of the field or ice rink where the game is staged, the information does go in. According to studies, advertisements need to be put in front of the viewer for an extended amount of time before he viewer picks up on it. What better place than a video game to expose a viewer to a continuous stream of advertisements. To add to the two previous methods of consumerism being pushed through video games, there rema ins a third methodology. Typically, a well received video game will be made into a series. The game that supersedes the one before it always promises to be bigger and better; better graphics, better sound, etc. This leaves the player wanting more and lusting for the next big chapter.Many large game development companies such as EA games with Battlefield, and UBISOFT with Halo follow this trend and have met been with great success. Crawford and Rutter, in reference to the Birmingham School can be quoted as saying that, â€Å"the shared values and culture of a society are those based largely on dominant (that is, ruling class) values and ideologies. † (Crawford and Rutter) If our dominant culture is founded on capitalism, then the governing values and ideologies have to be exerted via subcultures such as pop culture and the ways in which its groups communicate.We have looked at the spread of consumerism via video games. This concept is easy to swallow because we see evidence of it everywhere we look. However, the second theory of how pop culture contributes to capitalist hegemony isn’t so easy to digest. As technology continues to advance and things such as social networking and portable communications grow, we begin to see a decrease in the need to go outside and meet people. The same goes for video games.With the introduction to video games in the 1970’s we have seen the creation of a new kind of computer geek, the gamer. Gamers can spend extended amounts of time inside, staring at a screen. With the advancement of video game graphics, intriguing storylines and strategic challenges, it’s no wonder gamers would rather play video games than interact, play sports or become useful members of society. A sudden lack of community has sprung up in the midst of our new found technological enlightenment. Digital gaming could be seen (and has been seen by many) as a clear illustration of the individualization of society†. (Crawford and R utter) People no longer need to come outside to communicate, to do activity or exercise. â€Å"The rate at which these games are flying off the shelves would suggest more football is being played on home computers than on local fields†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (O’Connor, 2002). The uprising of this new phenomenon is evidence of a growing complacency in our society. People needing to do less and less.Looking at this from the viewpoint of a large capitalist corporation, it means profit; maintaining ‘the existing status quo [to] promote dominant capitalist values,’ (Crawford and Rutter) keep people inside, in front of a screen absorbing information that fuels their desire to buy. Stuart Hall suggests that â€Å"cultural products (such as television programmers, popular music and digital games) may be ‘encoded’ with dominant values, ideas and beliefs. † (Hall, 1980) Albeit a little extreme, Hall is supported in an indirect way. John Hopson, a games researche r at Microsoft Games Studios holds a doctorate in behavioral and brain sciences.Based on one of Hopson’s studies, a gamer can in essence be persuaded to produce a set of behaviors the developers want, â€Å"each contingency is an arrangement of time, activity, and reward, and there are an infinite number of ways these elements can be combined to produce the pattern of activity you want from players. † (Hopson) Simply put, large corporations intend to subliminally brain wash us with messages of use to capitalist pursuits. These ideas are conceptual, large and potentially a bit fanciful, but the evidence supporting them is happening before our eyes.People keep on buying based on information consumed through media portals including game consoles. The emergence of gamers and the diminishing need to go outside is a constant reminder that, although seemingly unrealistic, someone is using the right approach to acquire profit. Video games, among other methods, contribute to so me form of capitalist hegemony whether intended or not. It would be frightening to know that a corporation would approach the market with such fervor as to send subliminal messaging through a game console. It’s surprising the very real effect of advertisement has on the consumer. -â€Å"Merriam-Webster. † http://www. erriam-webster. com/. N. p. , 2011. Web. 14 Apr 2011. -Crawford, Garry, and Jason Rutter. â€Å"Digital Games and Cultural Studies. † Sage Publications. (2006) -O’Connor, A. (2002) â€Å"Evan better than the real thing? †, The Times, The Game Supplement, 9 December. Pp 2-3. -Hall, S. (1980) â€Å"Encoding/ decoding†, in S. Hall, D. Hobson, A Lowe and P. Willis (eds) Culture, Median, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Pp 215-43 -Hopson, John. â€Å"Behavioral Game Design. † Gamasutra (2001): n. pag. Web. 14 Apr 2011. .

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Essays

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Essays Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Paper Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Paper We therefore concluded that only small molecules like glucose and iodine can permeate through the bag, starch is too large. Introduction This lab has several key objectives. First, to learn about diffusion and osmosis, and the different factors that affect the rate at which these processes take place. In order for cells to maintain a stable state, they must be able to regulate the particles that move through the cytoplasm, and across its membranes. Diffusion and osmosis are the two physical processes that insure these things take place for the cells to operate smoothly. Second, to gain a better understanding of he role of selectively permeable membranes in osmosis, and to learn about the significance of hypotonic, isotonic, or hypersonic solutions in relation. It is even possible to reversing osmosis! This process is used as method of water purification because it enables salt and wastes to be permeated out of the fresh water (Ginsberg, Middlebrows, 1986). Most importantly, the purpose of this lab was to learn to apply these concepts to the cellular and environmental levels that we encounter in everyday life. Here are the specific points to each experiment. The purpose of this experiment was to observe the carmine particles in motion in order to gain a better understanding of the Brownian movement and the role of kinetic energy in diffusion. Brownian motion and diffusion can play a major role in the transportation of different particles in many different cellular processes. One example is that diffusion carries acting monomers to the site where they polymeric into F-acting- the framework for the cytokines in plants and animals! (Asks 1989). B. Potato Core experiment The purpose of this experiment was to try to estimate the similarity of the potato tuber tissue after submersing it in a series of sucrose solutions with different molarities. The solution in which the incubated potato has the smallest change in weight will be approximately equal to the similarity of the potato. We hypothesized that the similarity of the potato would be 0. MM. Based on this hypothesis, we predicted that if the similarity of the potato were 0. 3, then the percent weight change would be (almost) zero. Cells are primarily composed of water, and are termed selectively permeable since they allow water to move freely through the cytoplasm, but block the flow of macromolecules (Morgan, Carter 2005). Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute/high water concentration (hypotonic) to an area of high solute/low water concentration (hypersonic). Osmotic pressure is the force that can be applied to prevent water from flowing in this fashion (Morgan, Carter 2005). A thorough understanding of these concepts is crucial in the medical field because all intravenous solutions administered to a patient must be isotonic, or have the same osmotic pressure as those of bodily fluids. (Trot 2008). If a certain solution or medication administered was hypotonic to the patients body fluids, too much water would flow into the cells, which would cause them o burst or undergo Allis. Likewise, if a patient is given a hypersonic IV, the cells would shrink (create) because water would flow out of the cell. (Trot, 2008). Figure 1 shows this concept applied to red blood cells. Solute concentration is also important for the survival of plants. If plant cells lost too much water, they would die. This is why salting fields was a common, devastating war tactic because it would kill the crops in the field and create major food shortages! (The Biology Corner). Figure 1. Red Blood Cells in different concentrations of solutions. The purpose of this experiment was to simulate the permeability of cell membranes to glucose, starch, and iodine using dialysis tubing. Using the Iodine test we were able to detect the presence of starch, and Benedicts reagent denoted the presence of glucose. We knew that the dialysis bag would allow some small substances to pass through it, but stop the larger molecules. Therefore, we hypothesized that glucose and starch would be able to pass through the dialysis bag, but that iodine would be too large to permeate through. We based our prediction on our hypothesis as follows: If glucose and starch can pass through the dialysis tubing, then the contents in the beaker will turn black ND Benedicts test will be positive outside the bag. Materials ; Methods A. Plant and Animal Cell Diffusion and Osmosis (Morgan, Carter 2010) First, we examined the particles of carmine powder in an effort to better understand the Brownian movement, and the effect that the motion of the particles has on diffusion . Our class split up into groups of two; my partner set up the compound light microscope, while I prepared the carmine slide. We then observed the movement of carmine particles under the microscope, first with low power, and then on high power, and recorded the results. B. Potato Core Experiment (Morgan, carter 201 0) First, we estimated the similarity of potato tuber cells by measuring the change in the potatos weight after they were incubated in various concentrations of sucrose solutions (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5, 0. 6 M). First, we obtained mall of distilled water, and mall of each sucrose solution-which we placed in separate mall beakers. We then used a cork borer to extract 7 cylinders of potato. We then cut them all to about 5 CM long, and removed the skin from the ends. We placed all seven potato samples in a covered Petri dish so they would not dry out. For consistency, we assigned each person their own, separate task to reform to each potato cylinder. First, one person removed the potato cylinder from the Petri dish and used a paper towel to blot. Then another person placed the potato on aluminum foil on the balance, weighed to the nearest 0. 01 grams, and recorded our results. Next, another group member cut the cylinder in half vertically and placed the pieces into the water beaker (recording the time). We then repeated the previous steps with the remaining potato cylinders, placing each one in separate beakers containing the various molarities of sucrose solutions. We let each sample incubate for about 1. To 2 hours, swirling each beaker every 10 to 15 minutes. At the end of the incubation, we removed the potato samples, and recorded the time. Starting with the first sample, we removed the potato pieces and blotted with a paper towel to remove any excess solution. We then reweighed the potato pieces and recorded the final weight. We repeated this procedure with all of the remaining samples in the order in which they were initially placed in the solutions and recorded the results. C. Dialysis Tubing Experiment (Morgan, Carter 2010) We tested the permeability of dialysis tubing to starch and glucose using the iodine test and Benedicts test . First, my partner and I prepared the dialysis bag by folding over CM of the tubing after it had soaked in water for a few minutes, and then closed the top off with a rubber band. We then opened the opposite end of the bag, and added approximately ml (4 pipettes full) of 30% glucose solution. We then added the same amount of starch solution. Next, we held the bag closed and thoroughly mixed the contents, and then recorded the color. Next, we rinsed the outside of the bag with water. We then added mall of water to a mall beaker, and added a generous amount of iodine solution to the eater until it turned a yellow/amber color (and recorded the color). Next, we placed the bag into the beaker with water for 30 minutes, allowing the untied end to hang over the edge of the beaker. After about 30 minutes, we took the bag out and let it sit for another 30 minutes in an empty, dry beaker, and recorded the color of the solution in the bag and in the beaker. Next, we tested for the presence of reducing sugars using Benedicts test. We labeled 3 test tubes: bag, beaker, and control. We put 2 pipettes of the bag solution into the bag tube, 2 pipettes of the beaker solution into the beaker tube, and pipettes of water into the water tube. We then added 1 full dropper of Benedicts reagent to each tube, placed the tubes in a boiling water bath for about 3 minutes, and then recorded our results Results In the first experiment, we examined carmine powder to become more familiar with the Brownian movement by observing particles in motion, and examined various factors that influence diffusion rates. With the microscope on high power, it was apparent that the carmine particles moved around randomly and continuously. It also seemed as though the smaller particles moved at a more rapid rate than the larger particles. B. Potato Core Experiment We placed the potato cores in cups containing different concentrations of sucrose solutions to find out if the potato would gain or loose weight. When the potato was placed in cups containing sucrose molarities of 0. 0-0. 3, the potato gained weight. When placed in sucrose molarities of 0. 5 and 0. 6, the potato lost weight.

Case Study Classic Watch Essay Essays

Case Study Classic Watch Essay Essays Case Study Classic Watch Essay Essay Case Study Classic Watch Essay Essay 1-2 ) After analysing the construction of the Classic Watch Co. we have come to a decision. that the company is merchandise oriented. The laminitis of the company Harry Brainch used to develop his merchandise and so to happen consumers. Harmonizing to the instance. he is rather a conservative individual. who prefers antique concern techniques. Twenty old ages ago. clients were less choosey and they were happy to hold a merchandise that is good value for money. In that instance. Harry Brainch’s scheme fitted truly good. However. times are altering and new market is much more complicated and terrible. The competition is tough and merchandise with simple design and good lastingness is non every bit attractive as it used to be in the yesteryear. Harmonizing to this. product-oriented attack is non likely to win. A celebrated illustration of product-oriented company is the original Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford made one theoretical account in one colour ( black ) . no affair what the consumer might desire. Although he followed this scheme for rather a long clip. eventually. Ford Motor Company had realized the demand of customization and now we have Ford autos in assorted colourss. The state of affairs is the same with Classic Watch Co. the faster Mr. Brainch realizes that his old techniques are no longer utile – the better gross revenues will better. Probably. he should seek to alter his methods to go more market oriented. For case. Apple has ever been a great illustration of market-oriented company. Apple has achieved universe celebrity by invariably supervising market and so seting its selling mix to response to the market needs. The Authoritative Watch Co should follow illustration of Apple and get down developing new selling scheme. To sum up. the old scheme is no longer successful because of following grounds: 1 ) same antique design 2 ) new demands and desires of consumers3 ) alteration in consumer’s income ( it became higher )4 ) the old scheme did non take into history wants of modern consumers 5 ) grounds for purchasing tickers have changed 3 ) In our sentiment. Harry need to split market into 3 sections. The first one – â€Å"Economical† . which include people. who are ready to pay the lowest monetary value for any good-working tickers. Even if they will be broken in the first twelvemonth. individual from this section merely replace them by new one. They are chiefly price-concerned. Brand and design of the tickers is non the chief point. The 2nd section – â€Å"Longevity and quality† . This group in hunt for tickers with a good lastingness. quality and design. They ready to overpay for this characteristics. This group is the biggest 1. The 3rd section – â€Å"Symbolic† one. Watchs should be esteemed. elegant. chiefly maid from cherished metals and treasures. Peoples from this section purchasing non merely tickers. but alone qualities and emotional value. To be successful. The Authoritative Watch Company need to make tickers suited at least â€Å"Economic† and â€Å"Longevity and quality† sections. 4 ) Nowadays The Classic Watch Company is no longer wining company. but a policy of market cleavage could turnover state of affairs. Segmenting market can assist them increase gross revenues and market portion. protect trade name and supply a assortment of other benefits. By positioning themself with a specific benefit. they could make a alone merchandising proposition that sends a message to a mark audience looking for that benefit. If The Classic Watch Company cater to a specific audience. they could lose gross revenues among possible clients outside their mark audience but increase overall gross revenues by pulling more clients in your mark audience. With specific market sections to make. they can diminish distribution channels. aiming those mercantile establishments that have the highest sum of traffic from their coveted clients. By restricting your audience. they can take magazines. web sites. wireless and Television Stationss and events that their clients are more likely to hea r. see. see or go to. As we see. there are plentifulness of benefits. which are necessary for modern company to last.

The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age Research Paper - 2

The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age - Research Paper Example    This stores numerous reports including names, addresses, birth dates, court records, and cell phone numbers† (The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age, 2013, par.1). b. Google.com is one more technology which is quite helpful in enabling an individual to explore into the private data of those they need to or want to know about. This information can also be shared with other organizations or individuals if the person consents. Google is a platform where a person has access to information relating to anything and everything. c. Another technology is FaceBook, which is an online social network that contains different kinds of applications or ‘apps’ that the users can use to their advantage. The apps contain a number of details regarding emails, present location, age, sex, friends and so on. 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of public access to this information, both for the researchers and those who are being â€Å"investigatedâ₠¬ . Every invention has its own merits and demerits. The advantage of this type of information is the easy and fast accessibility of information through various websites. It becomes easier to make the payment of bills online, shopping online or making various enquiries, making reservations etc. People need not stand in queue to make the payment of bills or go to shops to purchase goods. Instead, it can be done sitting in front of a computer, therefore, saving money and time as well as getting things done more easily. Digital information can be sent quickly from one individual to another. The demerits are that an e-governance system has to watch over the limitless number of people accessing the internet day to day. Hardware and links are also required in order to gain access to government websites. Public sectors will have to avail highly developed technologies and security systems to manage the huge amount of information as well as threats. Huge amount of investments is required fo r this purpose. On the other hand the development of cyber crimes also greatly affects an individual’s personal identity. A number of cases related to cyber crimes still remain unresolved. 3. Determine what measures citizens can take to protect private information or information they do not want to be disclosed. . In order to take out personal details from Google or Yahoo, individuals may contact Acxiom, which is seen to be the largest private information provider. Individuals may send an e mail or contact Acxiom through a phone call to get their work done. A number of websites are associated with US search and, therefore, they make available a person’s background details to anyone who needs to get in touch or contact the other. People can demand the removal of their personal records through Peoplefinders.com. Whitepages.com is similar to the phonebook which contains an online directory that can be accessed by everyone who has their computers connected to the internet. Individuals can demand the removal of it as well. It is not easily possible to remove individ ual details in a well timed method, so one can seek the help of professionals. A business named Reputation Defender assists individuals in removing personal details that they do not prefer to be displayed to the public eye, through the payment of a certain fee. 4. Discuss a federal law that grants the federal government the legal right to make private informati

Life in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Life in Thailand - Essay Example Since that time I wanted to write a book myself. When I turned five years old, I and my family moved back to Bangkok. So I know two dialects of Thai language. At the age of nine, my parents sent me to Singapore for my education. There Singapore, I was taught English that followed the British System. I didn’t get that British accent but got used to it. People in Singapore have a unique accent called â€Å"Sing-lish†. There are many people of different races and cultures in the city of Singapore. Most of them are Chinese, Malay, and Indian. So I even studied the Chinese language when I was in Singapore and that also influenced my speech. So now have something like English-British-Singlish-Thai accent and a mix of languages in my mind. After that, I moved to Los Angeles for studying in Junior High. When I began living in the USA I also heard and adopted the American accent and because of that, I have had a hard time speaking and understanding. It felt like all the language s and dialects were mixed up in my head. It was a difficult time not only for me but also for my new friends and teachers, it was hard for them to understand what I was trying to say. And even now I still have an echo of this problem in my life. Sometimes I still feel that it is difficult for people to understand my speech. But, unfortunately, I cannot do anything with that. The name of my native country is the word, which sounds like â€Å"Thai† in our language, means â€Å"freedom† and we call our country â€Å"Prathet Thai† while the name that all the people got used to Thailand appeared only in 1930th. Speaking about the culture of Thailand I should mention that Buddhism and other religions and beliefs greatly influenced Thai art and way of life.  Ã‚  

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Capital Punishment - Essay Example Japan and the United States are some of the developed countries that are still practicing capital punishment. In Africa, Congo’s executions were rising at an alarming rate by 2003. There needs to be a change since capital punishment adversely affects the families of the victim. Capital punishment is reprisal through meting out a death sentence to the offender. In the criminal justice systems of many countries, it is lawful to inflict death to lawbreakers, depending on the weight of the crime. It is an act of ensuring that individuals suffer for engaging in activities that are against the law. In the criminal justice systems of many countries, it is lawful to inflict death to lawbreakers, depending on the weight of the crime. In the United States, death penalty is usually held in reserve for first-degree murder crimes which in most cases are associated with horrific circumstances such as bombing and killing a large number of people. It was mostly used in the ancient times, although many countries still use capital punishment (Steven 2007; Katrina and Steve 2008). In a broader perspective, it can be argued that capital punishment involves taking the life of another person. In doing so, it should not be forgotten that the victim has certain responsibilities t hat he/she leaves behind after an execution. The most important of all are the family members left behind. Frustration and grief overcome them with a number of suicide cases being reported after a death sentence. People have had different views concerning capital punishment, with some viewing it as a deterrent to crime, while others find no accomplishment in it. This paper is a critical investigation of capital punishment. The history of capital punishment has been discussed and its application in today’s society. Several states where it is applied on lawbreakers have been highlighted as well as how it is applied. The paper presents a discussion on the system of capital punishment, and its

Experimental in science Essay Example for Free

Experimental in science Essay Experiment One: A researcher wanted to test the effect of caffeine on sleep. Fifty students volunteered to participate in the study and signed up for one of two nights. Thirty-three students participated on Tuesday night. They each were given two cups of regular coffee to drink one hour before going to sleep. Seventeen students participated on Wednesday night. They each were given two cups of decaffeinated coffee to drink one hour before going to sleep. Each student was monitored with an EEG (a test that looks at brain function) to record exactly when they fell asleep. Students in the caffeine group took significantly longer to fall asleep. The researcher concluded that caffeine interferes with the ability to fall asleep. 1. What was the independent variable for Experiment One? 2. What was the dependent variable for Experiment One? 3. What components of the experiment were set up properly? 4. How could Experiment One be improved? Experiment Two: A researcher wanted to determine if a new anti-anxiety drug decreased anxiety levels. Three hundred patients were given the new drug and three hundred patients were given a placebo (also known as a â€Å"sugar pill† that does not contain any medicine). All of the patients were told they were receiving the new drug and were monitored for six months. At the end of the six months, all of the patient information was analyzed and the researcher concluded that because the patients given the placebo indicated the same reduction in anxiety as the patients given the new drug, the new drug was ineffective in decreasing anxiety levels. 5. What was the independent variable for Experiment Two? 6. What was the dependent variable for Experiment Two? 7. What components of the experiment were set up properly? 8. How could Experiment Two be improved? 9. Describe how a variable was NOT controlled in one of the two experiments. How might this have impacted the results?

Death in The Dream of the Rood Essay -- Old English Literature Christ

Death in The Dream of the Rood The crucifixion of Christ is treated differently within the bodies of Old English and Middle English literature. The values of each era's society are superimposed on the descriptions of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross. Christ is depicted either as the model of the hero, prevalent in Old English literature, or as the embodiment of love and passion, as found in Showings by Julian of Norwich. Old English literature establishes the elements of the heroic code, to which its society ascribed. A man must live, or die, by his honor. In The Dream of the Rood the crucifixion of Christ is depicted as the ultimate symbol of heroism, as all mankind bewailed Christ's death and prepared a gilt cross for him. "This was surely no felon's gallows, but holy spirits beheld it there, men upon earth, and all this glorious creation. Wonderful was the triumph-tree, and I stained with sins, wounded with wrongdoings. I saw the tree of glory shine splendidly, adorned with garments, decked with gold, jewels had worthily covered Christ's tree." (Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Ed., p. 19) Christ is not rendered as a figure of pathos. Christ is identified with the other glorious warriors of Anglo-Saxon times, such as Beowulf, in this rendering of the cross. It was tradition during the Anglo-Saxon period to bury the honored death with all of the adornments of wealth that they had gain ed in the earthly life. The Dream of the Rood treats the death of Christ as the culmination of His glory. As the Rood itself speaks, "Disclose with your words that it is the tree of glory on which Almighty God suffered for mankind's many sins and the deeds of Adam did of old. He tasted death there; yet the Lor... ...sh Literature, Sixth Ed., p. 297) This change in the integral ideal of the subject matter is perhaps indicative of the ensuing social changes that occurred during the Middle English period. Julian describes Christ's gift as the fulfillment of his love for all creation. It is not for honor that Christ gave his life. Of course, during the Old English period, the lord's retainers certainly experienced "love" in some fashion for the man they willingly gave their lives. Certainly that "love" was not to be construed as a display of femininity, for these men were warriors. Changing social values helped to transform the Old English heroic code to the Middle English chivalric ideal. The literature of each of the periods offers the examples upon which to base this conclusion. Old English honoric ideals are complemented by Middle English concepts of love and beauty.

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Thirty-Six

When he opened his door and saw Elena, James's face crumpled, just for a fraction of a second, and he stepped backward, as if he was considering closing the door in her face. Then he seemed to think better of it, and he opened it wider, his face creasing into its familiar smile. â€Å"Why, Elena,† he said, â€Å"My dear, I hardly expected a visitor at this hour. I'm afraid this isn't the best time.† He cleared his throat. â€Å"I'd be delighted to see you at school, during office hours. Mondays and Fridays, remember? Now, if you'l excuse me.† And, stil smiling gently, he shuffled forward and did try to close the door in her face. But Elena swung her hand up and stopped him. â€Å"Wait,† she said. â€Å"James, I know you didn't want to talk to me about the pins, but it's important. I need to find out more about the Vitale Society.† His bright black eyes glanced toward her and away, as if embarrassed. â€Å"Yes, Well,† he said, â€Å"the problem is of course that unchaperoned solo visits from a student – any student, you understand, my dear, no reflection on you personal y – to a professor's home are, er, frowned upon. The wicked world we live in, you know,† and, with a soft chuckle, he pushed firmly against the door. â€Å"There are times and places.† Elena pushed back. â€Å"I don't believe for a minute that you're trying to make me go away because my visit is inappropriate,† she said flatly. â€Å"You can't get rid of me that easily. People are in danger, James. â€Å"I know you and my parents were part of the Vitale Society,† Elena continued doggedly. â€Å"I need you to tel me whatever it is that you've been hiding about those days. I think the Vitale is tied to the murders and disappearances on campus, and we have to stop it. You're my only lead at this point, James.† He hesitated, his eyes watering with emotion, and Elena fixed him with her gaze. â€Å"More people are going to die,† she said harshly, â€Å"but you might be able to save them. Wil you?† James visibly wavered and then seemed to give in al at once, his shoulders dropping. â€Å"I don't know if anything I can tel you wil help. I don't know anything about the murders. But you'd better come in,† he said, and led the way down the hal and through his house. The kitchen was shining clean, with spotless white surfaces. Copper pots, woven baskets, and cheery red dishcloths and towels hung from hooks and were arranged on top of cupboards. Framed prints of fruits and vegetables hung on the wal s at intervals. James sat her down at the table, then busied himself with making her a cup of tea. Elena waited patiently until he final y settled across from her, with cups of tea in front of them both. â€Å"Milk?† he asked fussily, handing her the jug, without meeting her eyes. â€Å"Sugar?† â€Å"Thank you,† Elena said. Then she leaned across the table and placed her hand on his, keeping it there until he raised his eyes to look at her. â€Å"Tel me,† she said simply. â€Å"I don't know anything about the murders,† James said again. â€Å"Believe me, I wouldn't have kept this secret if I thought anyone was in danger from it.† Elena nodded. â€Å"I know you wouldn't,† she said. â€Å"Even if there isn't a connection, if the secret is about my parents, I deserve to know,† she told him. James sighed, a long breathy sound. â€Å"This was al a long time ago, you understand,† he said. â€Å"We were young and a bit naive. The Vitale Society was a force for good, back then. We worshipped natural spirits and drew our energy from the sacred Earth. We were a positive force in the community, interested principal y in love and peace and creativity. We served others. I hear that the Vitale Society has changed since those days, that darker elements have taken it over. But I don't know much about them now. I haven't been involved with the Vitale for years, not since the events I am about to recount to you.† Elena sipped her tea and waited. James's eyes flew to her face, almost shyly, then fixed back on the table. â€Å"One day,† he said slowly, â€Å"a strange man came to one of our secret meetings. He was – † James closed his eyes and shivered. â€Å"I had never seen a being of such pure power, or one who radiated such a feeling of peace and love. We, al of us, had no doubt that we were in the presence of an angel. He cal ed himself a Guardian.† Involuntarily, Elena sucked a breath through her teeth, hissing. James's eyes snapped open, and he gave her a long look. â€Å"You know them?† At her nod, he shrugged a little. â€Å"Well, you can imagine how he affected us.† â€Å"What did the Guardian want?† Elena asked, her stomach dropping. She had met Guardians, and she hadn't liked them. It was Guardians who had, coldly and efficiently, refused to bring Damon back to life when he had died in the Dark Dimension. And it was Guardians who had caused the car accident that kil ed her parents in an attempt to kil Elena so that they could recruit her to their ranks. Al the Guardians she'd met were female, though; she hadn't even known there were male Guardians as Well. Elena knew that, lovely as the Guardians appeared to be, they were not angels, were not on the side of Good or, for that matter, the side of Evil. They just believed in Order. They could be very dangerous. James looked at her briefly, then fiddled with the tea cup and napkin in front of him. â€Å"Would you like a scone?† he asked. She shook her head and stared at him, and he sighed again. â€Å"You have to understand that your parents were very young. Idealistic.† Elena had the sinking feeling that she was going to find out something deeply unpleasant. â€Å"Go on,† she said. Instead of continuing, though, James folded his napkin into tiny, precise squares, smal er and smal er, until Elena cleared her throat. Then he began again. â€Å"The Guardian told us that there was a need for a new kind of Guardian. One who would be a mortal, on Earth, and who would possess special powers that she would need to maintain the balance between good and evil supernatural forces on Earth. Over the course of his visit, Elizabeth and Thomas, who were young and bril iant and good and deeply in love, and who had bright futures ahead of them, were chosen to be the parents of this mortal Guardian.† He let the napkin unfold itself in his hands and looked at Elena meaningful y. It took her a moment to catch on. â€Å"Me? Are you kidding? I'm not – † She shut her mouth. â€Å"I have enough problems,† she said flatly. She paused as something he said sank in. â€Å"Wait, why do you think my parents were being naive?† she asked sharply. â€Å"What did they do?† James drank a swal ow of tea. â€Å"Frankly, I think I need a little something in this before I continue,† he said. â€Å"I've kept this secret for a long time, and I stil have to tel you the worst part.† He got up and rummaged around in one of the cupboards, eventual y pul ing out a smal bottle ful of amber liquid. He held it out to Elena questioningly, but she shook her head. She was pretty certain she would need her head clear for the rest of this conversation. He poured a generous amount into his own cup. â€Å"So,† he said, sitting down again. Elena could tel that he was stil anxious, but also that he was beginning to enjoy tel ing the story. He was a natural gossip – the way he taught history was as gossip about the past – and this was even more familiar for him, because it was gossip about Elena's parents, people they both had known. â€Å"Thomas and Elizabeth were both terrifical y flattered, of course.† â€Å"And†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena prompted. James laced his fingers across his stomach and watched her, his eyes shadowed. â€Å"They agreed that, when the child was twelve years old, they would give her up. The Guardians would take her away, and they would never see her again.† Elena was suddenly very cold. Her parents had raised her intending to give her away? She felt like al her childhood memories were shattering. In an instant, James was at her side. â€Å"Breathe,† he said gently. Gasping, Elena shut her eyes and concentrated on inhaling and exhaling deep breaths. That her parents, her beloved parents, had taken her on as some kind of temporary project, was devastating. She had never doubted their love until now. She had to know the whole truth. â€Å"Go on.† â€Å"Honestly, that was the end of my friendship with your parents, and the end of my involvement with the Vitale Society,† James said, taking another long drink of his whiskey-laced tea. â€Å"I couldn't believe that no one else in the Society saw the problem with raising a child to the cusp of adolescence and then giving her up forever, and I couldn't believe that your parents – who I knew to be loving, intel igent people – would agree to such a plan. We graduated and went our separate ways, and I didn't hear from your parents again for more than twelve years.† â€Å"You heard from them then?† Elena asked quietly. â€Å"Your father cal ed me. The Guardians had contacted them, ready to take you away. But Thomas and Elizabeth wouldn't let you go.† James smiled sadly. â€Å"They loved you too much. They didn't think you were ready to leave home – you were only a child. They realized that they had agreed too quickly to the Guardians' plan, that they didn't real y know what was in store for you, and that they couldn't let their daughter go without knowing for certain that it was the best thing for her. So Thomas asked for my help protecting you. They knew I had dabbled in sorcery when I was in col ege† – he waved his hand modestly when Elena looked up at him – â€Å"only smal magics, and I had mostly given them up by then. But he and Elizabeth were desperate. So I gathered what knowledge I could, intending to help them.† He paused, and a gloom settled over his face. â€Å"Unfortunately, I was too late. A few days after our conversation, before I even set out for Fel ‘s Church, your parents were both kil ed in a car accident. I checked up on you over the years, but it didn't seem like the Guardians had gotten their hands on you. And now, here you are. I don't think it's a coincidence.† â€Å"The Guardians kil ed my parents,† Elena said dul y. â€Å"I knew it, but I didn't know†¦ I thought it was an accident.† She was struggling to wrap her mind around the secrets of her childhood. At least in the end her parents hadn't been able to give her away. They had loved her, as she had thought. â€Å"They tend to get what they want,† James said. â€Å"Why didn't they take me then?† Elena asked. James shook his head. â€Å"I don't know. But I think there's a reason you're at Dalcrest now, where it began for you and for your parents. I think that some kind of task wil arise here, and you'l come into your Powers.† â€Å"A task?† Elena asked. â€Å"But I had Powers once, and the Guardians took them away.† They had mercilessly stripped her of her Wings and al her abilities. Were they going to return them when the time was right? James sighed and shrugged helplessly. â€Å"Plans sometimes have curious ways of presenting themselves, even those that are fated from the start,† he said. â€Å"Maybe these disappearances are the first sign of it. I don't know, though. As I told the class, Dalcrest is the hub of a lot of paranormal activity. I tend to think that, when your task presents itself, you'l know.† â€Å"But I'm not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena gulped. â€Å"I don't understand what this al means. I just want to be a normal girl. I thought I could now. Here.† James reached across the table and patted her hand, his eyes deep Wells of sympathy. â€Å"I'm so sorry, my dear,† he said. â€Å"I didn't want to be the one to burden you with this. But I wil give you any help I can. Thomas and Elizabeth would have wanted that.† Elena felt like she couldn't breathe. She had to get out of this cozy kitchen, away from James's avid, concerned eyes. â€Å"Thank you,† she said, hurriedly pushing her chair away from the table and getting up. â€Å"I have to go now, though. I do appreciate your tel ing me al this, but I need to think.† He fussed around her al the way to the front door, clearly unsure of whether to let her go, and Elena was almost ready to scream by the time she reached the porch. â€Å"Thank you,† she said again. â€Å"Good-bye.† She walked quickly away without looking back, her shoes clacking against the cement of the sidewalk. When she was out of sight of James's house, Damon slipped from the shadows to join her. Elena held her head high, blinking away the tears that had pooled in her eyes. For now, this secret would be hers.