Monday, January 20, 2020

The Writer and The Thought-Fox :: Comparative, Wilbur, Hughes

The metaphorical voyage found in Richard Wilbur’s â€Å"The Writer† and the experience described in Ted Hughes’s â€Å"The Thought-Fox† show events in which a journey of discovery is made. Though their theme and metaphors are vastly different, many parallels exist between their use of animals and their creation of sensorial imagery. In this way, the reader finds how the voyage of life and the flight of a bird are akin to the adventures of a fox; one can hope to direct fate, but we must let it run its natural course. â€Å"The Writer† begins with the speaker informing the audience that his daughter is â€Å"at the prow of the house† (1) where his â€Å"daughter is writing a story† (3) as â€Å"the windows are tossed with linden† (2). From the beginning of the poem, the speaker begins to deliver an extended metaphor of life’s voyage with the phrase â€Å"prow of the house† (1). Moreover, the speaker continues it throughout the poem with phrases such as, â€Å"Like a chain hauled over a gunwale† (6) or â€Å"I wish her a lucky passage† (Line 9) or â€Å"Beating a smooth course† (29). In addition to the metaphor, the Wilbur depicts precise imagery and a symbol for the audience to experience. One example of imagery is found in the line, â€Å"Where light breaks, and the windows are tossed with linden† (2). Not only does this line create a sense of confined—yet open—space, but the audience can easily imagine the sound and wave-like movements coming from the swaying linden trees. Another image created is two people anticipating the â€Å"starling† (19) to fly smoothly into the outside world as they watch the â€Å"sleek, wild, dark / and iridescent creature† (22-23) â€Å"helplessly from . . . through the crack of a door† (20). Lastly, Wilbur utilizes the form of a small fragile bird trying—repeatedly—to fly out of an unfamiliar room into the world. As the speaker’s daughter will have struggles during her life because situations are unfamiliar to her. Similarly, â€Å"The Thought Fox† establishes the physical setting very quick; the speaker is a room in which â€Å"something else is alive / besides the clock’s loneliness† (2-3) and where there is a â€Å"blank page† (4) where the speaker is imagining a forest at midnight. In doing so, Ted Hughes begins to create a metaphor of darkness with the phrase â€Å"midnight moment’s forest.† The darkness found in this forest represents the unknown bounds of the human imagination because the deeper one goes into darkness the further one â€Å"is entering [into] loneliness† (8). The Writer and The Thought-Fox :: Comparative, Wilbur, Hughes The metaphorical voyage found in Richard Wilbur’s â€Å"The Writer† and the experience described in Ted Hughes’s â€Å"The Thought-Fox† show events in which a journey of discovery is made. Though their theme and metaphors are vastly different, many parallels exist between their use of animals and their creation of sensorial imagery. In this way, the reader finds how the voyage of life and the flight of a bird are akin to the adventures of a fox; one can hope to direct fate, but we must let it run its natural course. â€Å"The Writer† begins with the speaker informing the audience that his daughter is â€Å"at the prow of the house† (1) where his â€Å"daughter is writing a story† (3) as â€Å"the windows are tossed with linden† (2). From the beginning of the poem, the speaker begins to deliver an extended metaphor of life’s voyage with the phrase â€Å"prow of the house† (1). Moreover, the speaker continues it throughout the poem with phrases such as, â€Å"Like a chain hauled over a gunwale† (6) or â€Å"I wish her a lucky passage† (Line 9) or â€Å"Beating a smooth course† (29). In addition to the metaphor, the Wilbur depicts precise imagery and a symbol for the audience to experience. One example of imagery is found in the line, â€Å"Where light breaks, and the windows are tossed with linden† (2). Not only does this line create a sense of confined—yet open—space, but the audience can easily imagine the sound and wave-like movements coming from the swaying linden trees. Another image created is two people anticipating the â€Å"starling† (19) to fly smoothly into the outside world as they watch the â€Å"sleek, wild, dark / and iridescent creature† (22-23) â€Å"helplessly from . . . through the crack of a door† (20). Lastly, Wilbur utilizes the form of a small fragile bird trying—repeatedly—to fly out of an unfamiliar room into the world. As the speaker’s daughter will have struggles during her life because situations are unfamiliar to her. Similarly, â€Å"The Thought Fox† establishes the physical setting very quick; the speaker is a room in which â€Å"something else is alive / besides the clock’s loneliness† (2-3) and where there is a â€Å"blank page† (4) where the speaker is imagining a forest at midnight. In doing so, Ted Hughes begins to create a metaphor of darkness with the phrase â€Å"midnight moment’s forest.† The darkness found in this forest represents the unknown bounds of the human imagination because the deeper one goes into darkness the further one â€Å"is entering [into] loneliness† (8).

Sunday, January 12, 2020

British Airways – a Pr Case Study

INTRODUCTION: It was time when British Airways showed the world the future of travel with the opening of Heathrow Airports spectacular new Terminal 5. Opening on the 27th of March 2008, inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth (the second), the terminal completely failed in the first two weeks of its operation. Insufficient staff training and testing, coupled with a disruption in the Terminals IT systems led to around 500 flights being cancelled. SEGEMENTED ANALYSIS (What went wrong): 1. Logistics and Planning: Rather than properly training the Bag Handlers and staff members, they were simply shown around the whole Terminal.Where in weeks ago before the terminal was inaugurated they should have been trained with trail runs. Due to lack of training they found it difficult to navigate through the Huge building causing inconvenience to the passengers. Duties should have been delegated, and training should have been conducted in a specialized manner with people doing only their assigned tasks. 2. Technical and Human Errors: a. The computer systems didn’t recognize staff ID’s b. Doors meant to be open were locked. c. 17 out of the 18 terminal lifts were jammed d. The transit system meant to move passengers broke down. . Carousels, escalators, walkways and electronic screens all failed. f. Baggage handling system (capable of handling up to 12000 bags an hour) crashed by 11 am All of the above mentioned problems occurred because the whole terminal had never been tested in a â€Å"live† terminal situation. There was lot of miscommunication from one department to another also technicians were not alert as to what were the terminal requirements. 3. Lack of leadership and Hubris: One week before its openings BAA declared â€Å"We have a world class baggage system that is going to run perfectly on day one†.Despite the hitches reported by the baggage staff, the management was complacent and over looked all technical problems. Also the BA office that should have sorted out all such concerns were shut on the last week. The management shouldn’t have been so slug and unnerved about these technical faults. Everybody just seemed jubilant about the opening of the terminal, there by discarding chances of any problems that might occur. In fact the management should have cross-checked and re-run the whole terminal to make sure nothing went wrong specially after making tall claims in Public. 4.Low Morale and Goodwill: Staff complained that morale in the last few months has been very low. Whenever BA got into any mess the people helped out. But with a mistake of such degree even its goodwill evaporated. On the day, disoriented baggage handlers and stressed ground staff became surly and unhelpful as they didn’t know how to handle the situation and the problems kept unfolding. The management shouldn’t have let the problem reach such a level. There was a clear communication and gap and the Staff didn’t know how to react and just gave up under pressure as they didn’t consider it their fault. . Lack of Communication & Crises Management: BA decided to disappear right when the problems were beginning. There was a total breakdown in communication both internally and externally. There was nobody to help with announcement or information, monitors weren’t working, nobody to help with baggage. Only 2 out of the 26 information desks were operational. Passengers arrived but the flights were delayed, others were told their flights were cancelled when they were scheduled. There was chaos all around with nobody knowing what to do. The management at BA should have led by the front on such an occasion.Even if things were going the other way, they should have been there trying to find a solution instead of exiting via the back door, as they were in charge of handling any crises what so ever. This was one of the biggest drawbacks. 1. What advice would you give BA and BAA right now? Shutting T5 for a fe w days and then restoring operations is not an option as the Terminal is running and it would be a major problem, shutting all activities. Thus the management of BA and BAA should collectively stand up and 1stly publicly announce all the faults, so the customers know as to what went wrong.Then section by section they should start rolling work. Which means, shut down a particular section first, fix it up and move on to another. There by not totally shutting operations. The Baggage systems should be fixed first, after which the elevators etc should be fixed. Also they should make sure that they have an active workforce. Information Desks should be restored with people communicating exact details of the situation. The staff should be spoken to by the management themselves. It’s important their morale is boosted. Everybody should be assigned particular tasks and all the queries of the staff should be cleared.Communication both internally and externally have to be clear. Also as t he improvements happen, they should be conveyed to its customers with a due apology and a guarantee that nothing as such would happen again. 2. What do they need to learn from this crises? a. Staff inputs should be taken into consideration, and have to be duly dwelled upon as they are the people who run the terminal. b. The staff has to be informed about everything at all point of time. Internal Communication is very necessary. Also it should always be put across in a very positive and strategized away.Every problem needs to be conveyed, how it is conveyed should be thought about. c. The management should not shy away from its responsibilities. BA has a reputation to live up to. What they communicate and how they communicate is important. They just can hide when a crises rises up. There by next time around, their PR and Communication strategies should be in place to match every problem. d. A check should be kept on operations at all times. Also technicians should be on alert if any system fails. A contingency plan should always be ready with management. e.Also all necessary information should be conveyed to its customers and the media at the right point of time. The information Desk should be active and fully aware of every situation. 3. What do they need to do to restore their reputation and put things right with their customers? The opening of T5 was a huge embarrassment to BA and a Humiliation for BAA. What should have been an opportunity to rehabilitate Heathrow as one of the world’s greatest airports turned into a nightmare of Delays, passenger confusion and chaos. Five days on, 250 flights were cancelled and there was still a backlog of 15,000 baggage’s. a.Firstly, The BA and BAA collectively should face the crises and at the earliest solve all technical and human problems. b. Since everything is already out in the open, they should publicly apologize and count on its built brand name to work for them. It has a reputation and everybody make s mistakes. So rather than shying away, they should openly ask for another chance. c. All its customers should be compensated. Free air tickets, discounts, stay and living vouchers etc should be given to its passengers on case to case basis. d. A whole new PR strategy should be employed, which caters to image building and customer satisfaction. . Communication should be opened, the media and the public should be fully aware of why the crises happened and how they are being corrected to now suiting its customers. f. A whole new Advertising and Marketing strategy should be launched to repair the damaged reputation and attracting its customers back. g. Heathrow Airport is an integral airport, also BA has goodwill. That should be taken into account to re-construct its current mistake. h. Management should publicly and personally apologize to regain customer confidence. This are my findings and interpretations of this particular case study.

Saturday, January 4, 2020

Comparison Between the Analects and Confessions Essay

Comparison between the Analects and Confessions Both St. Augustine’s Confessions and Confucius’s Analects are important teachings that have great influence on people around the world in the ancient time and nowadays. Both doctrines discuss ethical values of the society back in the time as we can find some similarities between the two. However, there are significant differences between Confucius and St. Augustine’s experiences and believes since they are living in different environment at time period. Their profound differences are the factors that contributed to shape the distinct cultures between the West and the East today. Confucius taught us to love others from the within the family to everyone else in the society. A man’s†¦show more content†¦Augustine openly criticized his family’s wrong because God was his heart and the only truth (II, 5). Another difference between Analects and Confessions is the different believes about one’s self and the Truth. Confucius believed that the Truth of life, ren, was the virtue and benevolence of human; while St. Augustine believed that God is the Truth, the heart of goodness (Confessions, II, 5). In the teachings of Confucius, Analects, there was no specific God; Confucius focuses on the men himself and as his character develops within the society, as He believed that â€Å"it is Man who capable of broadening the Way† (Analects, XV, 29). Confucius believed in the importance of rites and ceremonies. A gentleman according to Confucius should be aware of his action and be thoughtful. For example, he should avoid a certain colors and materials for clothes on different occasions (X, 6), or he should not sit when his mat was not straight (X, 12). On contrary, St. Augustine believed that one should only be obedient to God since He was the only Truth. St. Augustine, as other Chris tians, believed that God created this world and created men with his image, so that men must look up to God, turn to him for forgiveness; He then would protect His people, and they would no longer suffer (Confessions, IV, 31). Although there are differences between the Analects and Confessions, they have a common belief in treating others in the society; both teach peopleShow MoreRelatedComparing St. Augustines Confessions And Confucius1065 Words   |  5 PagesMonday and Wednesday 7-8:15am 8 November 2017 History Term Paper Both St. Augustine’s Confessions and Confucius’s Analects are influential teachings that have a vast influence on people around the world in the ancient time and currently. Both doctrines discuss ethical values of society back during the time they were written and leads us to find some similarities between the two. There are substantial distinctions between Confucius and St. Augustine’s experiences and beliefs since they are living in different

Friday, December 27, 2019

Dating As A Stage Of Romantic And Sexual Relationships Essay

Dating is defined as a stage of romantic and, or sexual relationships between humans in which two or more people socially meet, possibly first as friends or associates with the intentions of assessing each others suitability to be a partners for a more long term, committed intimate relationship or marriage. People go about it very different ways: meetings in public that can either be very casual or more laid back, or with the advancements of modern technology, it can be done via mobile phone or online. The term dating may also refer to a couple who have already established a romantic relationship with one another, but are exploring each other further with the use of dates that are planned on a regular basis; however, the couple may or may not be engaging in sexual relations. From an anthropological standpoint, dating is connected to institutions such as marriage, kin, and family relationships, which have evolved rapidly within the last few centuries due to changes in technology and m edicine. Dating itself is a relatively new phenomenon emerging in the past few centuries as well because of the evolution of hunter gather societies into civilized ones. The evolution of societies has substantially changed the relationships between men and women, such as the concept of gender roles, with the only few constant factors being sexual intercourse for the purpose of reproduction. Protocols and practices of dating vary from country to country, or even from culture to culture within aShow MoreRelatedFunctionalist Perspective on Dating, Courting, and Other Pre-Marriage Arrangements1435 Words   |  6 PagesDating, courting, and other pre-marriage arrangements are practices that are influenced by the time period, social conditions and constructs, biology, cultural norms, and institutional structures that surround people. Dating has changed a lot in the past century. In the 1920s to 1940s, dating involved a more informal dating. For the first time there were no chaperones on dates between males and females. The dates required no formal commitment to each other and there was more freedom. PreviouslyRead MoreAdolescence Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesAdolescence is the period after a child hits puberty and ends depending on culture. Biologically, the child experience sexual maturation, there are two categories that fall into it. 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Sociologists do not seem to agree on a uniform definition, although there are several competing butRead MoreAn Inside Look at 0nline Dating Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesOnline Dating Online website allows individuals to contact and communicate with others through the Internet each. It follows the sociological principle of social networking. The quest of love has inspired people to invest in much thoughts and efforts in the process of building a romantic relationship. Thus, online dating becomes a popular tool for building a relationship or starting a relationship nowadays. In addition, in order to accomplish the goal of finding the perfect partner there are manyRead MoreEssay on Communication Traits of Happy Couples1638 Words   |  7 Pagescouples who are happy and those who are not, through all stages of a relationship. They have found that many of the traits that begin in a dating relationship will carry over into a marriage. 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Many people have dabbled with thisRead MoreRelationships betwen Men and Women972 Words   |  4 Pagesis full of all different kinds of relationships, whether it is with co-workers, peers or a significant other. Building and maintaining these relationships is critical in living a fulfilling, happy life. While there are many different kinds of relationships and they are all important, romantic relationships are especially unique. Along with being unique, they can be difficult and take work and dedication by both partners. The difficulties faced in these relationships can be attributed partially to the

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Engineering Technology Revolutionized Essay - 2224 Words

Advance, advance is the key word when describing the human race to prove that we are the superior race. Ever since the discovery of technology we have linked our minds together for the persistence of progress to modify the aspects all around us for the better. It’s amazing that a simple interest in the beginning will change everything down to a distinct thought. History has proven that the steps forward in technology within engineering have grown larger and are concluded at a more rapid rate and with in the last twenty years. Such a large amount has improved so rapid as cities grow and technology advances, engineering is moving along with the tide. Engineers that grow and see their world of work improve every day because of certain†¦show more content†¦In those early days, engineers were considered high class; they were treated like royalty along with priests and other higher royalty. They were always working with their hands, they were first to learn geometry and sca le of things bigger then them. They were always fed even if they weren’t the gatherers or the hunters. Early engineers figured they could make a geometric scale of where to build so it relates to their gods/ god to whatever belief. Much like engineers in Great Britain through crusades that ended the dark ages, churches were popping up every where and engineers were always needed. So the Egyptians will always have their place in history, living in a desert area (but still close to water) and created these massive pyramids much like the Aztecs that but are totally unrelated. It shows that early civilizations were much more advanced then initially known. How did these people make these huge (now some of the greatest ancient engineering artifacts known to man) structures with only man-power? Engineering and science may not be able to explain certain things simply but to explain engineering; you got to sum it up in poetic fashion. (â€Å"The application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, in the United States, as the creative application of â€Å"scientific principles to design orShow MoreRelatedSteve Wozniak - Original Writing979 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Apple Computer Company was officially founded on April 1, 1976. Other than creating Apple, Wozniak has made other great contributions to technology. After taking a leave from Apple in 1980, Woz went back to Berkley to earn a degree in computer science. Due to his participation in the technology field, he has also earned Honorary Doctorates in Engineering at 11 other universities worldwide. He returned to Apple in 1982 and joined the development team working on the Apple II. 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Mechanical engineering is everywhere and we see the results of it in our lives every day. Most objects that we encounter, such as a pencil or a doorknob, have gone through some form of mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering is a b ranch of engineering that uses theRead MoreEssay about Genetic Engineering1028 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic Engineering When we envision our future, we usually imagine a future free of disease and physical sickness, but have you ever wondered how a disease-free society will be accomplished? In the twenty-first century our world will be a very different place because of genetic manipulation and engineering. There are many pros and cons to this debate, but it is undeniable that the effects from the new revelations in the field of genetics are far-reaching and deep impacting. Genetic engineeringRead MoreComputer Engineering1702 Words   |  7 PagesCareers In Computer Engineering Careers In Computer Engineering While financial analysts, government officials, and employment specialists frequently disagree on conditions existing in the American economy today, everyone concurs with the idea that a college graduates possessing a degree in the field of computer engineering is in the enviable position of being able to pick and choose among job offers with several major computer companies and other Fortune 500 employers. Over the last fiveRead MoreI Want to Graduate as a Civil Engineer1156 Words   |  5 Pagesto the effects of infrastructure development on our environment and living conditions. Increased exploitation of natural resources is challenging mankind’s response to nature’s dynamic equilibrium changes. I believe Civil Engineering will play a major role in harmonious engineering development and overcome years of non-sustainable development planning. 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Computer-related technology allows for enhancement of social functions previously difficult or impossible to execute. Computers have also accelerated productivity. Much less time is required nowadays to research information. Many in search of jobs and careers have reaped the rewards o f computer technology. For too long, finding informationRead MoreShort Story Morg The Greatest Inventors Of All Time922 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee, as a child he excelled in school and he loved building things and working with technology and at a young age with the help of his father he built a tractor, radio, and amplifier. Mark Dean graduated from the University of Tennessee with a bachelor s degree in electrical engineering; he then obtained a master’s degree in electrical engineering from Florida Atlantic University and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University. Dr. Mark Dean started working at IBM in 1980 right afterRead MoreDesign Of The Autocad Computer Program871 Words   |  4 PagesEngineering design has played a crucial role in developing our way of life. Nearly everything we use has an engineering design component. The creation of the AutoCAD computer program only further increased the potential of design. The program AutoCAD has revolutioni zed the engineering and architectural field by making several improvements to safety, efficiency, the feasibility of design, simulations, quality control, and the ability to save time/money. First, AutoCAD design has made it incredibly

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

The Effects Of The Industrial Revolution Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Industrial Revolution was perfectly good to the advancement of the universe from the 1800s all the manner to present twenty-four hours. Forfeits were made which allowed technological promotions during the Industrial Revolution, which in bend, created felicity, life chances, and an over-all, definite betterment of life. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, many adversities had to be overcome, doing great heartache to most of the population. Faith was lost, forbearance was tried, and a cover of subjugation covered the people of Europe. When new innovations arose to ease the bring forthing and mass-producing of goods that supplied the people of Europe, about everyone was forced to get down a new calling within a mill. These are merely some of the adversities that many loyal, hardworking citizens were faced with. The echos of these new innovations caused a dramatic plumb bob of the life anticipation of an mean citizen to an dismaying 15 old ages of age. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects Of The Industrial Revolution Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Women and kids were expected to work up to 16 hours a twenty-four hours and making labour that could do serious hurt, like transporting highly heavy tonss. For their work, they were paid pathetic rewards, adult females around 5 shillings per hebdomad, and kids about 1. One can easy acknowledge the negative facets of such a dramatic event. However, if one # 8220 ; stairss back # 8221 ; to see the revolution as a whole, he will detect that the positive facets wholly out-weigh the negative facets. The revolution began when discoverers introduced their creative activities to better the manner people were bring forthing goods. Machines such as the cotton gin, H2O frame, power loom, and whirling Jenny allowed fabric merchandises to be produced in mass measures. These techniques of mass-production made other methods such as bungalow industry, where households produce points by manus, obsolete. As a consequence of this, people began to work in mills with these machines. Factories became so dominant that finally the bungalow industry no longer played a portion in people s lives. This dramatically changed people s life styles, and for a long period of clip, there were awful work conditions. These mills had its positive and negative facets. The work conditions were really unsafe, there were no safety devices, and many had to work long hours. However, due to the mass production, many occupations were available, and the monetary values of goods well decreased because of the utmost handi ness. The occupation chances and monetary value lessening decidedly improved the lives of the people, giving them a opportunity to be a portion of the society and be able to buy merchandises at a monetary value that wasn t excessively bad. As the revolution progressed, people began to recognize that there were solutions to the jobs and adversities that they battled every twenty-four hours. The people went to the Parliament with an reply: brotherhoods. A brotherhood is an organized group up people working for a common cause. In 1824, the right to organize brotherhoods was established. These brotherhoods created Torahs and ordinances that made tungstens orking less unsafe and cruel, and more healthful. Back-to-back Acts of the Apostless were formed that lessened the sum of hours adult females and kids could work in the mills and safety and healthful ordinances were enforced. One act that truly benefited the regulations of labour for kids was the Factory Act of 1833. This act stated that kids had to be over 9 old ages old to work in mills, and kids 9-13 old ages old couldn T work more than 9 hours, and kids 13-18 old ages old could non work more than 12 hours. Finally, personal insurance developed which led to societal security. These are the positive results that derived from the industrial revolution that effects the workers. Now let us see how many people s lives changed outside work. There were many national benefits of this revolution. One really of import facet is that there became many more goods available because of the mass-production. Due to this mass-producing, the goods besides dropped in monetary value, which well benefited those who were financially fighting. Along with the mass-producing came more employment chances, which allowed some of the less fortunate people to hold a opportunity of acquiring a occupation. The addition of new thoughts and innovations led to an addition of the quality of life. Medicative merchandises became more plentiful, transit improved, and free instruction was available. Peoples began to happen themselves with more leisure clip. Wagess were increased, wellness benefits became available, and finally, pension became available to those who retired. These are merely some of the many facets of the revolution that benefited the people as a state, which made them happier, and made the authorities safer from rebellion. There is still one more facet of this revolution and that is the effects of it on present twenty-four hours. Without the innovations and alterations that took topographic point to organize a more ideal society, we wouldn t be where we are today. Without labour Torahs and wellness benefits, the life anticipation of a human would drop at least 20 old ages. Our lives would non be integrated with the engineering that helps us larn and turn such as computing machines, autos, and aeroplanes. Without the growing of industrialisation, there would non be the demand for any of these innovations, and we would all still be working on a farm. Some would state that they would instead populate on a farm, but many can easy see how much better our lives are with the effects of the industrialisation. Let us # 8220 ; step back # 8221 ; and see the revolution as a whole now. In the beginning, people struggled and suffered, and this happens with all alteration and advancement ; people sacrifice. As clip passed, people gained more benefits, and their lives became better. Work became much less boring, and many people found themselves with more excess clip. Finally there is the modern twenty-four hours and the hereafter. Technology and industry has dominated our universe, bettering it to a point that would hold been impossible one hundred old ages ago, and with the aid of the people, the sacrificing and the adversities, advancement continues.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Penn Square Bank Down Corning Bankruptcy free essay sample

According to Norm Bowie, â€Å"sometimes being moral enhances the bottom line rather than reduces it† (Hartman, 2005, p108). Unfortunately, in the instances of Penn Square Bank and the Dow Corning bankruptcy, that may not have been the case. The following will examine the particulars of these situations and discuss the ethical issues present for each. Penn Square Bank Penn Square Bank was a small bank that played a large role in the Oklahoma banking crisis of the early 1980s. In an effort to maximize on the profits of the booming oil industry, the upper management of Penn Square Bank cut corners in several areas of its new lending division. Documentation to support million-dollar loans became lax. Collateral valuation and revenue recognition was severely over estimated without verification of the documentation to support such claims. Loan contracts were with casual deals and unspecific terms. Credit was extended based upon unverified personal letters paid for by the client. We will write a custom essay sample on Penn Square Bank Down Corning Bankruptcy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These documentation errors led to loans not properly secured (Caskey, 1985). In addition, Penn Square was more and more money, which facilitated errors in revenue recognition as the bank accepted over estimated valuation claims without requiring loan or interest payments. Thus, on paper the bank looked successful without ever possessing the funds to support its lending endeavors. Finally, credit was extended without true verification of asset valuation or proper documentation, and re-extended when the client could not produce the payments necessary to support the lofty loans (Caskey, 1985). Each of Penn Square Bank’s actions represents a form of financial statement fraud, which led to its downfall in 1982. According to Fraud Examination, there are three ways to deter financial statement fraud: (1) reduce the pressure to commit the fraud, (2) reduce the opportunity to commit the fraud, and (3) reduce the rationalization of the fraud (Wells, 2005). However, in this instance, most if not all of the fraud committed can be attributed to demanding goals set by Penn State Bank owner, Bill Jennings. As explained by Hartman, the â€Å"driving force† of â€Å"profit maximization† created a business environment to facilitate fraud (2005). Because profit was the sole motivator, documentation was inadequate, collateral valuation and revenue recognition was overstated, and credit extension was unverified and inferior. Instead,  Penn Square Bank should have considered the following measures: †¢An oversight or review board should be been established to oversee verification of credit or collateral valuation and determine the risk associated with each loan. †¢Documentation requirements should have been heavily enforced and maintained by the review board. †¢Contract and loan deals should have been regulated to the office with strict documentation requirements. †¢Disclosures should have been made regarding the lack of loan and interest payments. †¢Asset valuation and revenue recognition should have been accurately portrayed to investors, clients, and potential buyers. †¢Upper management should have established company ethical standards and enforced these standards with strict consequences for violation without exception. Unfortunately, all the measures to deter fraud that should have been considered were undermined by the owner’s overwhelming demand for success. Thus, Jennings’ need to maximize profits and increase sales created the pressure, opportunity, and rationalization to commit each action of fraud. Dow Corning Bankruptcy Dow Corning Corporation is the big name in silicone and silicone-based material production. But in 1995, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to protect itself from lawsuits regarding their silicone-based breast implants. Some advocated that the action was an effort to â€Å"avoid compensating women for their injuries† (Book review, 1996, p7). However, according to Hartman, Chapter 11 bankruptcy is intended to protect companies from creditors while it undergoes restructuring in an effort to stave off liquidation. By doing so, the company continues business, pays taxes, and provide jobs but is allowed time to reorganize to triumph over its economic hardship (Hartman, 2005). The ethical challenge is to use Chapter 11 as it is intended – as a restructuring tool to avoid losing everything – rather than file for Chapter 11 as a way of cheating its creditors out of owed money. Hartman suggests that what is ethical in regard to bankruptcy is to go beyond what the laws require and uphold the debt agreements made with creditors (Hartman, 2005). Dow Corning seemed to have that same perspective. Nine years later the company emerged from bankruptcy after settling the lawsuits for a payout of $3.3 billion over the next 15 years (Arndt, 2004). During the time under Chapter 11, the company reorganized  itself to refocus silicone production to develop fabrics, materials, and pharmaceutical products (Arndt, 2004). These sales and expanding markets will help Dow Corning to pay its debts to the 300,000 women named in the settlement (Sissell, 2004). Thus, Dow Corning is Chapter 11 bankruptcy free but still upholding its ethical obligation to the wronged party and its creditors. Although Dow Corning’s actions following the Chapter 11 emergence was ethically sound, its actions leading to the filing was anything but. Problems with Dow Corning’s silicone breast implants began as early as 1984 when they lost a lawsuit claiming the implant caused medical illness such as autoimmune disease. During the investigation for this lawsuit, lawyers found evidence showing Dow Corning executives were aware of complaints from doctors, concerns about the lack of long-term testing, and cases of the implant bursting during surgery. In addition, the study that supposedly proved the effectiveness and safety of the product revealed detrimental long-term effects on the animals under experimentation (Book review, 1996). However, throughout all the breast implant concerns, Down Corning continued to advocate the safety of their product going as far as to hire high profile and extremely expensive teams of legal and public relations specialists. In addition, allegations were present of executives attempting to destroy damning internal documents suggesting upper management was trying to cover up its liability in the claims. The 1984 lawsuit found Dow Corning guilty of fraud and deceit stating the company provided inferior and incomplete information by understating the risks to make an informed decision (Book review, 1996). More important, it revealed the unethical behavior of the executives and company as a whole.